Table 3a.
Change over time in cognitive function, psychological status, sleep, and quality of life in older adults with subjective cognitive decline randomized to a 12 week Kirtan Kriya (KK) meditation program or a 12 week music listening program
| Outcome Measures | Change from Baseline (KK meditation) |
Change from Baseline (Music Listening) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 months Mean (SE) |
p | 6 months Mean (SE) |
p | 3 months Mean (SE) |
p | 6 months Mean (SE) |
p | p† | p‡‡ | |||
| Perceived Memory Function | ||||||||||||
| Memory Functioning Questionnaire | ||||||||||||
| Total | 29.50(10.34) | 0.01 | 33.40(9.15) | 0.002 | 25.44 (8.65) | 0.007 | 30.21 (11.60) | 0.02 | ||||
| Frequency of Forgetfulness | 23.15 (7.27) | 0.005 | 26.90 (6.58) | 0.0006 | 13.96(5.32) | 0.015 | 16.95 (6.29) | 0.01 | ||||
| Seriousness of Forgetting | 6.75 (2.94) | 0.03 | 3.80 (0.99) | 0.31 | 9.84 (3.50) | 0.01 | 6.75 (5.27) | 0.21 | ||||
| Retrospective Memory Functioning | 2.25 (079) | 0.010 | 3.85 (0.82) | 0.00017 | 2.64(1.14) | 0.03 | 4.13(0.96) | 0.0003 | ||||
| Executive Function, Information Processing/Psychomotor Speed, Attention, Working Memory | ||||||||||||
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test | 2.25(1.12) | 0.05 | 5.45(1.16) | 0.0002 | 3.04(1.00) | 0.006 | 4.63(1.04) | 0.0002 | ||||
| Trail-making Test (TMT)‡ | ||||||||||||
| TMT-A | −3.21 (2.19) | 0.16 | −6.21 (2.04) | 0.007 | −5.52 (2.50) | 0.04 | −5.% (1.97) | 0.006 | ||||
| TMT-B | −14.70 (6.67) | 0.05 | −23.10(7.72) | 0.008 | −21.28 (6.68) | 0.004 | −22.54 (6.65) | 0.003 | ||||
| Memory Concerns at 6 Months (%)† | (%) | (%) | ||||||||||
| More concerned | 0.00% | 8.33% | ||||||||||
| Same amount of concern | 47.37% | 41.67% | ||||||||||
| Less/Much less concerned | 52.63% | 50.00% | ||||||||||
| Stress, mood, well-being and sleep quality | ||||||||||||
| Perceived Stress Scale | −4.10(1.39) | 0.0008 | −6.15(1.27) | 0.0001 | −2.72(1.45) | 0.07 | −3.29(1.47) | 0.04 | (*) | |||
| Profile of Mood States | ||||||||||||
| Total | −24.90(5.14) | 0.0001 | −34.00 (5.08) | 0.000002 | −13.80 (6.03) | 0.03 | −19.12(5.00) | 0.001 | * | (*) | ||
| Tension/Anxiety | −4.45(1.62) | 0.008 | −7.10(1.31) | 0.00003 | −2.16(106) | 0.06 | −3.33(106) | 0.004 | (*) | * | ||
| Confusion | −4.80(1.05) | 0.0002 | −5.75 (1.02) | 0.00002 | −2.24(1.72) | 0.21 | −3.67 (0.85) | 0.0002 | (*) | |||
| Depression | −4.30(1.33) | 0.004 | −6.40(1.56) | 0.001 | −2.28 (0.92) | 0.02 | −3.04 (1.22) | 0.02 | (*) | (*) | ||
| Anger/Hostility | −4.50(1.51) | 0.008 | −5.50(1.47) | 0.001 | −2.48(1.20) | 0.05 | −2.87(1.06) | 0.01 | (*) | |||
| Vigor | 1.59(1.30) | 0.22 | 3.41 (1.04) | 0.004 | 1.52(1.09) | 0.18 | 2.17(1.19) | 0.09 | ||||
| Fatigue | −5.45 (0.97) | 0.00002 | −5.85(1.10) | 0.00003 | −3.12(1.38) | 0.03 | −4.04 (1.29) | 0.005 | ||||
| Psychological Well-being Scale | 7.10(1.56) | 0.0002 | 7.65 (2.02) | 0.001 | −2.24(1.13) | 0.06 | 2.54(1.69) | 0.15 | * | * | ||
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | ||||||||||||
| Total score | −1.47 (0.52) | 0.001 | −1.33(0.69) | 0.07 | −1.20 (0.45) | 0.01 | −1.31 (0.46) | 0.009 | ||||
| Health related Quality of Life (SF-36) | ||||||||||||
| Mental Health Component | 8.00 (3.71) | 0.05 | 10.56 (3.70) | 0.01 | 4.92 (3.65) | 0.19 | 0.2 | 6.82 (3.28) | 0.05 | (*) | (*) | |
| Physical Health Component | 3.65 (4.50) | 0.40 | 3.00(3.41) | 0.39 | 2.80 (3.55) | 0.44 | 0.2 | 1.90(3.13) | 0.55 | |||
Repeated measures ANOVA
‡
Between group difference, 3 months
‡‡
Between group difference, 6 months
*
p < 0.05
(*)
p < 0.1.
†
Calculated from participant responses to the 5-point Likert scale question ‘How concerned are you about your memory compared to when you began the study?’ SE, standard error.