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Adverse events in patients with pancreatic cancer after irreversible electroporation
| Adverse effects | Open (n=16) | Percutaneous (n=38) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Cases (%) | Grade | Cases (%) | Grade | |
|
| ||||
| Major complications | ||||
| Hemorrhage | – | – | 3 | IIIb–IV |
| Portal thrombosis | 1 | IIIb | – | – |
| Minor complications | ||||
| Ascites | 5 | I–II | 10 | I–II |
| Pleural effusion | 5 | I–II | 9 | I–II |
| Fever | 3 | I | 6 | I |
| Abdominal pain | 2 | I | 4 | I–II |
| Vomiting | 1 | I | 4 | I–II |
| Hypokalemia | 1 | II | 4 | II |
| Gastroduodenal edema and retention | – | – | 3 | I–II |
| Arrhythmia | 1 | II | 1 | II |
