Table 6.
Comparison of changes in awareness and attitudes towards continued open defecation and latrine ownership as reported spontaneously from the household-based questionnaire between control and intervention communities
| Awarness and attitude | Group | Proportion (%) in 2011 | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Proportion (%) in 2012 | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Change between 2011 and 2012 (McNemar’s test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||||||||
| Problems associated with open defecation (n = 315), spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
| Safety | Control | 51.90 | 1 | 28.48 | 1 | 0.30 (0.16–0.54) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 56.05 | 1.18 (0.76–1.84) | 0.460 | 23.57 | 0.77 (0.47–1.28) | 0.321 | 0.23 (0.12–0.40) | < 0.001 | |
| Hygiene | Control | 24.05 | 1 | 34.18 | 1 | 1.70 (0.99–2.97) | 0.056 | ||
| Intervention | 26.11 | 1.12 (0.67–1.86) | 0.673 | 36.31 | 1.10 (0.69–1.74) | 0.693 | 1.55 (0.95–2.57) | 0.081 | |
| No comfort | Control | 22.15 | 1 | 6.33 | 1 | 0.19 (0.07–0.47) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 28.66 | 1.41 (0.85–2.35) | 0.185 | 8.28 | 1.34 (0.57–3.14) | 0.507 | 0.22 (0.09–0.46) | < 0.001 | |
| Privacy | Control | 22.15 | 1 | 22.78 | 1 | 1.04 (0.57–1.90) | 1.000 | ||
| Intervention | 5.73 | 0.21 (0.10–0.46) | < 0.001 | 11.46 | 0.44 (0.24–0.81) | 0.009 | 2.8 (0.95–9.93) | 0.064 | |
| Pollutes environment | Control | 20.89 | 1 | 18.35 | 1 | 0.85 (0.47–1.54) | 0.672 | ||
| Intervention | 20.38 | 0.97 (0.56–1.67) | 0.912 | 52.23 | 4.86 (2.92–8.10) | < 0.001 | 6.56 (3.23–15.04) | < 0.001 | |
| Difficulties for elderly or sick people | Control | 9.49 | 1 | 1.90 | 1 | 0.14 (0.02–0.62) | 0.004 | ||
| Intervention | 2.55 | 0.25 (0.08–0.77) | 0.016 | 1.91 | 1.01 (0.20–5.06) | 0.994 | 0.75 (0.11–4.43) | 1.000 | |
| Visitors | Control | 5.06 | 1 | 8.23 | 1 | 1.83 (0.62–6.04) | 0.332 | ||
| Intervention | 1.27 | 0.24 (0.05–1.16) | 0.076 | 5.10 | 0.60 (0.24–1.49) | 0.269 | 4.00 (0.80–38.67) | 0.109 | |
| Abundance of flies/insects | Control | 2.53 | 1 | 20.25 | 1 | 8.00 (2.84–31.14) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 5.73 | 2.34 (0.71–7.77) | 0.164 | 18.47 | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 0.689 | 3.86 (1.64–10.49) | < 0.001 | |
| Drinking water quality | Control | 2.53 | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.25 (0.01–2.53) | 0.375 | ||
| Intervention | 1.27 | 0.50 (0.09–2.75) | 0.423 | 0.64 | 1.01 (0.06–16.23) | 0.996 | 0.50 (0.01–9.61) | 1.000 | |
| Reasons to possess a latrine (n = 89 in 2011, n = 249 in 2012, n = 69 with data for both years)a, spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
| Comfort | Control | 44.12 | 1 | 8.22 | 1 | 0.05 (0.00–0.30) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 33.33 | 0.63 (0.23–1.77) | 0.383 | 9.09 | 1.12 (0.42–2.98) | 0.825 | 0.00 (0.00–0.85) | 0.031 | |
| Clean environment | Control | 32.35 | 1 | 31.51 | 1 | 0.80 (0.27–2.25) | 0.815 | ||
| Intervention | 42.86 | 1.57 (0.58–4.27) | 0.379 | 46.02 | 1.85 (1.04–3.30) | 0.036 | 1.00 (0.13–7.47) | 1.000 | |
| Safety | Control | 32.35 | 1 | 30.14 | 1 | 0.54 (0.18–1.45) | 0.263 | ||
| Intervention | 28.57 | 0.84 (0.29–2.45) | 0.744 | 18.75 | 0.53 (0.29–1.00) | 0.051 | 1.00 (0.19–5.37) | 1.000 | |
| Privacy | Control | 20.59 | 1 | 23.29 | 1 | 0.86 (0.27–2.76) | 1.000 | ||
| Intervention | 19.05 | 0.91 (0.26–3.13) | 0.878 | 21.59 | 0.91 (0.47–1.74) | 0.769 | 1.67 (0.32–10.73) | 0.727 | |
| Avoid diseases | Control | 19.12 | 1 | 38.36 | 1 | 2.50 (0.92–7.86) | 0.078 | ||
| Intervention | 14.29 | 0.71 (0.18–2.76) | 0.616 | 39.77 | 1.06 (0.61–1.86) | 0.835 | 5.00 (0.56–236.49) | 0.219 | |
| Easier for elderly or sick people | Control | 17.65 | 1 | 10.96 | 1 | 0.38 (0.06–1.56) | 0.227 | ||
| Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 1.70 | 0.14 (0.04–0.55) | 0.005 | na | ||
| Hygiene/Health | Control | 8.82 | 1 | 39.73 | 1 | 16.00 (2.49–670.96) | < 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 19.05 | 2.43 (0.62–9.61) | 0.205 | 28.41 | 0.60 (0.34–1.07) | 0.082 | 2.50 (0.41–26.25) | 0.453 | |
| Visitors | Control | 8.82 | 1 | 13.70 | 1 | 1.40 (0.38–5.59) | 0.774 | ||
| Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 9.09 | 0.63 (0.27–1.46) | 0.282 | na | na | |
| Reason to practice open defecation (n = 349 for 2011, n = 188 for 2012, n = 149 with data for both years)a, spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
| No functional latrine on spot | Control | 77.71 | 1 | 72.79 | 1 | 0.91 (0.46–1.77) | 0.875 | ||
| Intervention | 90.10 | 2.61 (1.43–4.78) | 0.002 | 41.46 | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | < 0.001 | na | < 0.001 | |
| Traditional habit | Control | 22.93 | 1 | 10.88 | 1 | 0.25 (0.08–0.63) | 0.001 | ||
| Intervention | 18.23 | 0.75 (0.44–1.26) | 0.279 | 7.32 | 0.65 (0.18–2.34) | 0.506 | 0.17 (0.02–0.75) | 0.013 | |
| Comfort | Control | 4.46 | 1 | 2.04 | 1 | 0.40 (0.04–2.44) | 0.453 | ||
| Intervention | 2.60 | 0.57 (0.18–1.84) | 0.350 | 0.00 | na | na | na | na | |
| Difficulties with maintenance/construction | Control | 0.64 | 1 | 5.44 | 1 | 5.00 (0.56–236.49) | 0.219 | ||
| Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 9.76 | 1.88 (0.54–6.58) | 0.324 | na | ||
aSelective question type; total number of respondents therefore changed by year and only households who did not undergo change in toilet ownership or practice of open defecation could be analysed for changes over time, as assessed by McNemar’s test