Table 1.
Sample basic characteristics according to the categorized cigarette smoking status
| Variables | Sample (n = 1413) |
Cigarette smoking categories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-smokers (n = 641) |
Passive smokers (n = 476) | Past smokers (n = 82) |
Light current smokers (n = 113) |
Heavy current smokers (n = 101) | ||
| Gender, n (%)** | ||||||
| Male | 627(44.4) | 185(28.9) | 155(32.6) | 78(95.1)△ | 108(95.6)△ | 101(100.0)△ |
| Age, y** | 38.92 ± 9.04 | 38.07 ± 8.83 | 38.63 ± 9.32 | 43.95 ± 8.0△ | 38.81 ± 8.81 | 41.75 ± 8.36△ |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Han | 1293(91.5) | 591(92.2) | 426(89.5) | 75(91.5) | 107(94.7) | 94(93.1) |
| Education levels, n (%)* | ||||||
| Senior school or less | 83(5.9) | 33(5.1) | 23(4.8) | 11(13.4) | 8(7.1) | 8(7.9) |
| Junior college | 326(23.1) | 137(21.4) | 113(23.7) | 23(28.0) | 24(21.2) | 29(28.7) |
| Bachelor degree | 799(56.5) | 365(56.9) | 270(56.7) | 42(51.2) | 64(56.6) | 58(57.4) |
| Master degree or greater | 205(14.5) | 106(16.5) | 70(14.7) | 6(7.3)△ | 17(15.0) | 6(5.9) |
| BMI** | 23.90 ± 5.36 | 23.70 ± 6.89 | 23.20 ± 3.52 | 25.90 ± 3.2△ | 25.60 ± 3.21△ | 25.40 ± 3.26△ |
| Frequency of drinking (days/week), n (%)** | ||||||
| 0 | 859(60.8) | 481(75.0) | 293(61.6) | 26(31.7) | 24(21.2) | 35(34.7) |
| 1–2 | 468(33.1) | 143(22.3) | 165(34.7) | 47(57.3) | 69(61.1) | 44(43.6) |
| ≥ 3 | 86(6.1) | 17(2.7) | 18(3.8)△ | 9(11.0)△ | 20(17.7)△ | 22(21.8)△ |
| Sleep duration, n (%)** | ||||||
| < 7 hours | 402(28.5) | 168(26.2) | 130(27.3) | 22(26.8) | 52(46.0) | 30(29.7) |
| 7–8 hours | 561(39.7) | 243(37.9) | 195(41.0) | 37(45.1) | 38(33.6) | 48(47.5) |
| ≥ 8 hours | 450(31.8) | 230(35.9) | 151(31.7) | 23(28.0) | 23(20.4)△ | 23(22.8) |
| SRSS, n (%) | ||||||
| ≥ 23 | 594(42.0) | 257(40.1) | 215(45.2) | 25(30.5) | 52(46.0) | 45(44.6) |
| Self-rated health, n (%) | ||||||
| Poor | 168(11.9) | 67(10.5) | 61(12.8) | 7(8.5) | 15(13.3) | 18(17.8) |
| Fair | 718(50.8) | 317(49.5) | 244(51.3) | 45(54.9) | 66(58.4) | 46(45.5) |
| Good | 527(37.3) | 257(40.1) | 171(35.9) | 30(36.6) | 32(28.3) | 37(36.6) |
| Self-perceived life stress, n (%)** | ||||||
| Low | 217(15.4) | 108(16.8) | 69(14.5) | 14(17.1) | 12(10.6) | 14(13.9) |
| Fair | 751(53.1) | 370(57.7) | 243(51.1) | 43(52.4) | 49(43.4) | 46(45.5) |
| High | 445(31.5) | 163(25.4) | 164(34.5)△ | 25(30.5) | 52(46.0)△ | 41(40.6)△ |
| Self-perceived work stress, n (%)* | ||||||
| Low | 165(11.7) | 76(11.9) | 56(11.8) | 12(14.6) | 12(10.6) | 9(8.9) |
| Fair | 615(43.5) | 306(47.7) | 183(38.4) | 40(48.8) | 42(37.2) | 44(43.6) |
| High | 633(44.8) | 259(40.4) | 237(49.8)△ | 30(36.6) | 59(52.2) | 48(47.5) |
| SAS, n (%)* | ||||||
| ≥ 50 | 219(15.5) | 87(13.6) | 89(18.7) | 7(8.5) | 15(13.3) | 21(20.8) |
| SDS, n (%)* | ||||||
| ≥ 50 | 561(39.7) | 236(36.8) | 200(42.0) | 28(34.1) | 45(39.8) | 52(51.5)△ |
| NE** | 3.78(3.10, 4.56) | 3.70(3.07, 4.49) | 3.73(3.00, 4.47) | 3.56(3.09, 4.33) | 3.94(3.22, 4.69) | 4.78(3.84, 5.76)△ |
| MO** | 0.29(0.21, 0.39) | 0.28(0.21, 0.37) | 0.29(0.22, 0.39) | 0.30(0.21, 0.39) | 0.30(0.21, 0.42) | 0.42(0.28, 0.51)△ |
| LY** | 2.15(1.83, 2.54) | 2.13(1.81, 2.52) | 2.10(1.77, 2.43) | 2.14(1.80, 2.50) | 2.25(1.97, 2.77)△ | 2.47(2.10, 2.87)△ |
Values are shown as the mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for continuous data and number and proportions for categorical data
P-values were calculated by analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H tests for continuous variables and χ2-tests for categorical variables
Superscript numbers denote statistically significant post hoc tests: △≤ 0.05/4 for the difference between current, past, passive smokers and non-smokers. Current, past and passive smokers were compared with non-smokers
*Statistical significance: P < 0.05
**Statistical significance: P < 0.001