Fig. 1.

Geographic and genetic structure in baboon DNA methylation patterns. (A) The first two principal components from a PCA of baboon DNA methylation profiles (subsampled to n = 4 individuals per species) projected onto the geographic distribution of baboon species in Africa. Northern clade (cool colors) and southern clade (warm colors) baboons separate along the first PC. The distribution of the six commonly recognized baboon species in Africa and the Arabian peninsula is based on Zinner et al. (2013) and modified from a map created by Kenneth Chiou (CC BY 3.0 license); note that points reflect coordinates for DNA methylation data in PC space, not sampling location. Phylogenetic relationships between the five species included in this data set, with rhesus macaque as an outgroup, are shown in the inset (divergence dates within baboons from Rogers et al. [forthcoming] and between baboons and macaques from Perelman et al. [2011]). (B) Procrustes transformation of PC1 and PC2 of the DNA methylation data (empty squares) conforms with PC1 and PC2 of genotype data (solid circles) from the same samples (Procrustes t0 = 0.89, P < 10⁻⁶). PVE values on the x- and y-axis are provided for the genotype data.