. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019 Jan 9;119(3):425–434. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.003

Table 5:

Summary of effects of adjusted beverage intakes on mean body mass index (BMI) z-scores before and after age 9 years during childhood and adolescence in Iowa Fluoride Study participants.^a,b

Beverage Variable	Estimated Effect of Beverage Intake on mean BMI z-score prior to age 9 (approx. ages 5 and 9)	P-value	Estimated Effect of Beverage Intake on mean BMI z-score after age 9 (approx. ages 11, 13, 15, and 17)	P value
100% Juice^c	−0.026 (−0.107, 0.055)	0.52	0.044 (−0.038, 0.125)	0.29
Milk	0.046 (−0.017, 0.109)	0.15	0.020 (−0.011, 0.051)	0.21
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages	0.076 (−0.023, 0.175)	0.13	0.048 (0.019, 0.077)	0.001
Water/Other Sugar-Free Beverages	0.103 (0.044, 0.162)	<0.001	0.023 (0.003, 0.044)	0.0278

n=623; 309 male, 314 female

Estimated effect (95% Confidence Interval [CI]) of 8 oz of additional daily beverage intake on mean BMI z-score from linear mixed models adjusted for energy intake, mean adequacy ratio, and baseline socioeconomic status.

Juice drinks are included with 100% juice prior through age 8.5 years.