Table 5.
Regulation of camel genes under stress.
| Camel physiology | Gene/Protein | Function/protein | Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxidative stress | Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (NFE2L2) | Antioxidant | Up-regulated | Huang et al., 2001; Barnes et al., 2002; Yancey, 2005; Burg et al., 2007; Gallazzini and Burg, 2009; Cheung and Ko, 2013; Wu et al., 2014 |
| Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 (MGST2) | Antioxidant | Up-regulated | ||
| Water restricted conditions | Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) | Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney | Up-regulated | |
| Sodium/potassium transporting ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) | Sodium/potassium transporting ATPase | Up-regulated | ||
| Aquaporin 1 (AQP1-3) | Water channel protein permits passive transport of water in kidneys | Up-regulated | ||
| Nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 (NFAT5) | Regulates gene expressions induced by osmotic stress | Down- regulated | ||
| Solute carrier family 5 member 3 (SLC5A3) also known as (SMIT) | Exhibit transporter activity and myo-inositol: sodium symporter activity | Down-regulated | ||
| Solute carrier family 6 member 6 (SLC6A6) | Regulates a family of sodium and chloride-ion dependent transporters | Down- regulated | ||
| Betaine/GABA transporter-1 (BGT1) | Regulates sodium symporter activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid | Down-regulated | ||
| Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) | Transport glucose into cells from blood | Up-regulated | ||
| Aldose reductase (AR) | Catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol | Up-regulated | ||
| Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) | Accumulation of sorbitol serves as a source of energy in WR | Down-regulated | ||
| Heart physiology | Alpha actinin 2 | Coupling of Ca2+ -activated K+ channel to L type Ca2+ channel | Up-regulated | Schmidt-Nielsen et al., 1981; Hoover et al., 2000; Lu et al., 2009; Warda et al., 2014 |
| Alpha B-crystallin | Small heat shock protein. Cytoprotective | Up-regulated | ||
| ATP synthase beta subunit | Proton leakage in cardiac muscles | Down-regulated | ||
| Isocitrate dehydrogenase | Up-regulated | |||
| Liver physiology | Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase | Creatine phosphate synthesis and Antioxidant | Up-regulated | Kolling and Wyse, 2010; Wang et al., 2012; Warda et al., 2014 |
| 14-3-3protein epsilon (14-3-3E) (Mitochondrial import stimulation factor L subunit) (MSF L) isoform 1 | Control protein kinases and other cellular events including autophagy and tumorigenesis | Up-regulated | ||
| Glutathione peroxidase | Antioxidant and prevents heat-induced and acid-induced amorphous aggregation of proteins | Up-regulated | ||
| Hump fat physiology | Cytochrome B | Electron carrier | Up-regulated | Dettin et al., 2003; Warda et al., 2014 |
| Galectin-1 | Control basic cellular process | Up-regulated | ||
| β-galactoside-binding soluble 1 (L-14-I) | Up-regulated | |||
| Brain physiology | β-Synuclein | Prevent neurodegeneration and inhibiting the fibrillation of α-synuclein | Up-regulated | Yamin et al., 2005 |
| Thermal and dehydration stress | Heat shock protein 27, 65, and 73 | Provide defense against dehydration or thermal stress in arid environments. | Up-regulated | Ulmasov et al., 1993; Warda et al., 2014 |