Table 7.

Medical uses of VHHs derived camel antibodies.

Receptor/Protein/Antigen	Action	Medical use	Reference
Protein kinase C	Increases or decreases the activity	Type II diabetes mellitus	Paalanen et al., 2011
Lysozyme aggregation	Inhibitory	Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease	Dumoulin et al., 2003; Chan et al., 2008
Poliovirus type 1 Sabin strain particles	Inhibit viral replication	Antiviral	Thys et al., 2010
Tumor associated antigen (TAA)	Anti-idiotypic vaccines	High risk cancer patients	Muyldermans and Lauwereys, 1999
Anti-complementary activity	Increase the activity which leads to decrease adverse reactions	Snake or insect antiserum	Meddeb-Mouelhi et al., 2003; Herrera et al., 2005
Tumor specific antigen	Senses or induces conformational changes	Prostate cancer	Saerens et al., 2004
Tumor specific antigen	Tumor immunolabelling	Diagnosis of tumors	Cortez-Retamozo et al., 2002
Dipeptidyl peptidase like 6 protein	Nanobody based tracer targeting DPP6	Imaging of human pancreatic endocrine cells	Balhuizen et al., 2017
Macrophage mannose receptor	Nanobody based tracer targeting macrophage mannose receptor	Imaging of joint inflammation	Put et al., 2013
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1)	Nanobody based targeting VCAM1	Imaging of atherosclerotic lesions	Broisat et al., 2012
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)	Nanobody based targeting HER2	Imaging of HER2 receptors expression in cancer	Vaneycken et al., 2011; Xavier et al., 2013
CXCR4 nanobodies	Anti-proliferation, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic	Anti-HIV-1 entry activity	Jahnichen et al., 2010
CXCR7 nanobodies	Anti-proliferation, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic	Head and neck cancer	Maussang et al., 2013
Tumor necrosis factor alpha	Inhibitory	Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)	Coppieters et al., 2006
FcgammaRIII killer cells	Increases their recruitment	Detection and destruction of tumor cells	Behar et al., 2007
IL-6 receptor	Inhibitory	Rheumatoid arthritis	Mima and Nishimoto, 2009
Hepatocyte growth receptor	Nanobody based targeting hepatocyte growth receptor	Anticancer	Vosjan et al., 2012
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	Nanobody based targeting EGFR	Anticancer	Roovers et al., 2011
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2)	Nanobody based targeting VEGFR2	Anticancer	Behdani et al., 2012
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)	Anti-CEA nanobody CEA5	In vivo imaging of colon cancer	Leung, 2012
Capsid Protein L1	Nanobody based targeting major capsid protein L1	Cervical cancer	Minaeian et al., 2012
Death receptor 5 (DR5)	DR5 nanobodies lead to caspase activation	Antitumor	Huet et al., 2014