Figure 1.

Strategies for the generation of humanized mice [adapted from Shultz (30) and Hahn et al. (31)]. Humanized mice can be obtained by the introduction of human transgenes, such as human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules, which will then be expressed by mouse immune cells, or by the generation of mouse/human chimera through implantation of human cells, including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and/or human tissues, such as fetal liver and thymus, into immunodeficient mice. GvHD, graft vs. host disease; hBLT, human bone marrow-liver-thymus-engrafted; hPBL, human peripheral blood lymphocyte-engrafted; i.h., intrahepatic; i.p., intraperitoneal; i.v., intravenous; Tg, transgenic mice.