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. 2019 Feb 20;44(1):41–47. doi: 10.1584/jpestics.D18-064

Fig. 2. Wilt was suppressed in tomato plants irradiated by aerial ultrasound before inoculation. One-week-old tomato seedlings were irradiated with 40.5 kHz ultrasound for 1 or 2 weeks (I) or without irradiation (NI) and inoculated with the tomato wilt pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) 0 or 1 week after terminating ultrasound irradiation. About 40 days after inoculation, the severity of each plant’s disease was evaluated from 0 to 4 following the indexes: 0, no symptoms; 1, lower leaves yellowing; 2, lower and upper leaves yellowing; 3, lower leaves yellowing and wilting and upper leaves yellowing; 4, all leaves wilting and yellowing or dead. Two-week ultrasound-irradiated tomato plants (cv. Moneymaker) presented significant wilt suppression when they were inoculated with Fol just after the termination of ultrasound irradiation (0 wpui) (a). Two-week ultrasound-irradiated tomato plants (cv. Moneymaker) presented wilt suppression when they were inoculated with Fol 1 week after the termination of ultrasound irradiation (1 wpui) (b). One week (1w) of irradiation also conferred a wilt control effect in cv. Moneymaker when plants were inoculated with Fol 1 week after the termination of ultrasound irradiation, but the effect of 2-week (2w) irradiation was higher (c). The severity of disease was analyzed with R, Wilcoxon rank sum test. p<0.05, bars=standard error, Asterisk means significance as compared to NI.

Fig. 2. Wilt was suppressed in tomato plants irradiated by aerial ultrasound before inoculation. One-week-old tomato seedlings were irradiated with 40.5 kHz ultrasound for 1 or 2 weeks (I) or without irradiation (NI) and inoculated with the tomato wilt pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) 0 or 1 week after terminating ultrasound irradiation. About 40 days after inoculation, the severity of each plant’s disease was evaluated from 0 to 4 following the indexes: 0, no symptoms; 1, lower leaves yellowing; 2, lower and upper leaves yellowing; 3, lower leaves yellowing and wilting and upper leaves yellowing; 4, all leaves wilting and yellowing or dead. Two-week ultrasound-irradiated tomato plants (cv. Moneymaker) presented significant wilt suppression when they were inoculated with Fol just after the termination of ultrasound irradiation (0 wpui) (a). Two-week ultrasound-irradiated tomato plants (cv. Moneymaker) presented wilt suppression when they were inoculated with Fol 1 week after the termination of ultrasound irradiation (1 wpui) (b). One week (1w) of irradiation also conferred a wilt control effect in cv. Moneymaker when plants were inoculated with Fol 1 week after the termination of ultrasound irradiation, but the effect of 2-week (2w) irradiation was higher (c). The severity of disease was analyzed with R, Wilcoxon rank sum test. p<0.05, bars=standard error, Asterisk means significance as compared to NI.