Table 2.

Types of CAM used by participants for asthma treatment

Types of CAM	Examples
Malay
Supplements	Vitamins, fish oil extract
Traditional or herbal medicine	Medicated ointment (camphor or methol-based), bird’s nest, ayurvedic medication, sea cucumber
Homoeopathy or naturopathy	Honey, warm water, dates, stevia, black cumin seeds (nigella sativa), pomegranate juice
Spiritual/religious healing	Healing rituals, meditation
Others	Induce vomiting, air ioniser
Chinese
Supplements	Vitamins, fish oil extract
Traditional or herbal medicine	Bird’s nest, Chinese traditional medication, crocodile meat, medicated ointment
Homoeopathy or naturopathy	Red/black bean soups, bone broth
Relaxation/Spiritual healing	Breathing exercise, breathing through wet towel
Indian
Supplements	Vitamins, fish oil extract
Traditional or herbal medicine	Ayurvedic medication, Noni juice, chinese traditional medicine, crocodile meat, basil leaves medicated ointment
Homoeopathy or naturopathy	Honey, warm water