Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients with CKD Stages 1–5 and Hypertension.
| Characteristic | ACEI mono-therapy (n = 217) | ARB mono-therapy (n = 1405) | Nonuser (n = 1017) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 63.31 ± 13.21 | 64.20 ± 13.17 | 66.99 ± 12.51 | <0.0001 |
| Age group, y | <0.0001 | |||
| 20–44 | 19 (8.76) | 114 (8.11) | 51 (5.01) | |
| 45–64 | 87 (40.09) | 568 (40.43) | 354 (34.81) | |
| 65–74 | 71 (32.72) | 389 (27.69) | 313 (30.78) | |
| ≥75 | 40 (18.43) | 334 (23.77) | 299 (29.40) | |
| Male | 127 (58.53) | 838 (59.64) | 592 (58.21) | 0.7698 |
| Comorbid conditions before the date index | ||||
| DM | 94 (43.32) | 706 (50.25) | 443 (43.56) | 0.0025 |
| CAD | 7 (3.23) | 49 (3.49) | 25 (2.46) | 0.3464 |
| Stroke | 34 (15.67) | 284 (20.21) | 222 (21.83) | 0.1174 |
| Cancer | 19 (8.76) | 134 (9.54) | 107 (10.52) | 0.6179 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0.0003 | |||
| ≤3 | 139 (64.06) | 680 (48.40) | 493 (48.48) | |
| 4–5 | 49 (22.58) | 398 (28.33) | 296 (29.11) | |
| >5 | 29 (13.36) | 327 (23.27) | 228 (22.42) | |
| Mean (SD) | 3.15 ± 2.20 | 3.97 ± 2.38 | 3.95 ± 2.41 | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensives used within 1 year before the index date | ||||
| ACEI | 204 (94.01) | 102 (7.26) | 113 (11.11) | <0.0001 |
| ARB | 19 (8.76) | 1332 (94.80) | 365 (35.89) | <0.0001 |
| α-Blockers | 34 (15.67) | 217 (15.44) | 164 (16.13) | 0.9017 |
| β-Blockers | 83 (38.25) | 538 (38.29) | 419 (41.20) | 0.3292 |
| Calcium channel blockers | ||||
| Nondihydropyridine | 12 (5.53) | 138 (9.82) | 85 (8.36) | 0.0872 |
| Dihydropyridine | 119 (54.84) | 824 (58.65) | 567 (55.75) | 0.2770 |
| Diuretics | ||||
| Loop diuretics | 48 (22.12) | 304 (21.64) | 209 (20.55) | 0.7707 |
| Potassium sparing | 8 (3.69) | 94 (6.69) | 58 (5.70) | 0.1869 |
| Other antihypertensives | 9 (4.15) | 40 (2.85) | 32 (3.15) | 0.5765 |
| Baseline CKD stage | <0.0001 | |||
| 1 | 37 (17.05) | 147 (10.46) | 112 (11.01) | |
| 2 | 63 (29.03) | 306 (21.78) | 196 (19.27) | |
| 3A | 34 (15.67) | 199 (14.16) | 123 (12.09) | |
| 3B | 38 (17.51) | 258 (18.36) | 166 (16.32) | |
| 4 | 29 (13.36) | 322 (22.92) | 219 (21.53) | |
| 5 | 16 (7.37) | 173 (12.31) | 201 (19.76) | |
| Smoking | 55 (25.35) | 367 (26.12) | 277 (27.24) | 0.7651 |
| Alcohol | 22 (10.14) | 144 (10.25) | 114 (11.21) | 0.7301 |
| Betel nut | 14 (6.45) | 84 (5.98) | 61 (6.00) | 0.9625 |
| Exercise | 77 (35.48) | 478 (34.02) | 353 (34.71) | 0.8933 |
| Waist, cm | 86.73 ± 10.22 | 89.23 ± 11.58 | 87.41 ± 11.06 | 0.0001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | <0.0001 | |||
| <18.5 | 5 (2.30) | 20 (1.42) | 22 (2.16) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 99 (45.62) | 595 (42.35) | 533 (52.41) | |
| 25–29.9 | 88 (40.55) | 574 (40.85) | 348 (34.22) | |
| ≥30 | 25 (11.52) | 216 (15.37) | 114 (11.21) | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 119.14 ± 42.24 | 118.37 ± 43.83 | 116.81 ± 41.61 | 0.7384 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.96 ± 1.36 | 6.97 ± 1.51 | 7.01 ± 2.71 | 0.2424 |
| TG, mg/dL | 138.29 ± 100.75 | 149.55 ± 105.23 | 137.65 ± 91.09 | 0.0007 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 180.35 ± 39.59 | 180.47 ± 42.31 | 183.85 ± 42.35 | 0.1100 |
| Serum Na | 139.44 ± 3.70 | 139.35 ± 5.77 | 139.50 ± 7.60 | 0.9123 |
| Serum K | 4.47 ± 0.69 | 4.69 ± 4.80 | 4.55 ± 4.72 | 0.0038 |
| Serum Ca | 8.99 ± 0.84 | 9.13 ± 2.65 | 8.96 ± 0.69 | 0.0613 |
| Serum P | 3.77 ± 0.79 | 3.87 ± 1.35 | 4.01 ± 0.94 | 0.0010 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 6.80 ± 1.58 | 7.08 ± 2.24 | 7.12 ± 1.98 | 0.2482 |
| Hb, mg/dL | 12.53 ± 2.14 | 12.22 ± 2.37 | 11.98 ± 2.60 | 0.0025 |
| Hct, mg/dL | 37.19 ± 6.54 | 36.17 ± 6.03 | 35.29 ± 6.80 | 0.0004 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.08 ± 0.47 | 4.66 ± 15.17 | 4.07 ± 0.50 | 0.4343 |
| UPCR | 717.87 ± 1717.17 | 1092.31 ± 3387.21 | 1087.75 ± 2112.56 | <0.0001 |
| eGFR | 58.56 ± 32.54 | 48.08 ± 31.04 | 45.40 ± 32.60 | <0.0001 |