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. 2019 Feb 25;10:922. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08726-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Fusaoctaxin A can restore cell-to-cell invasion in mutants and enhance wild-type virulence in wheat. a Fluorescent microscopic images of wheat coleoptiles infected by the indicated strains. Images are overlay of RFP (fungal RFP and wheat chlorophyll autofluorescence) and GFP (plant cell wall autofluorescence) channels. b Confocal microscopic images of wheat coleoptile cells infected by indicated strains. The lower panel shows aniline blue staining (indicating the plant cell wall component callose) of these cells. H: F. graminearum hyphae. C: chlorophyll. The white arrowheads indicate hyphal penetration of plant cell wall. Scale bar = 20 μm. c Measurements of the penetration ratio and callose staining intensities of wheat coleoptile infection. Data are means ± s.e.m. Different letters indicate a significant difference (P < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. (F = 32.13 df = 2, P = 0.0006; F = 58.7 df = 4, P < 0.0001). d Measurements and representative images of lesions on wheat seedling coleoptiles infected by wild-type F. graminearum with or without fusaoctaxin A. Data are mean ± s.d. Asterisks indicate a significant difference compared with FG-WT according to the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01). Source data are provided in Supplementary Data 3