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. 2019 Feb 25;9:2715. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39178-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental Procedure and memory task results. (a) After studying 120 Dutch-German word pairs in the evening, participants slept for 3 hours. During NREM sleep, 40 Dutch words were presented during SO up-states and 40 Dutch words were presented during SO down-states using closed-loop TMR. 40 Dutch words were not replayed. A cued recall procedure was applied after sleep, testing the participant’s memory for the German translations. (b) Presenting prior learned words during SO up-states significantly enhanced memory performance compared to uncued words. Recall performance of words replayed during SO down-states did not differ from the two other categories. Retrieval performance is indicated as percentage of recalled German translations with performance before sleep set to 100%. Values are mean ± SEM **P ≤ 0.025. (c) Correlation between memory performance and relative time spent in REM sleep. Memory performance for words presented during down-states is positively correlated with time spent in REM sleep (r₁₄ = 0.59, P = 0.017). There was no significant correlation for words presented during up-states (r₁₄ = −0.16, P = 0.552), and a marginal significant negative correlation for uncued words (r₁₄ = −0.49, P = 0.052).