Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Feb 25;9:2732. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39522-6

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Investigation of changes in the active element and long-term (20 minutes) effects of the stimulation. (a) Measurement of sarcomere length based on the intensity of α-actinin immunostaining images. The schematic shows the sarcomere structure and length. (b) Percentage (%) distributions of sarcomere length in each range after applying the electric potential (Elec), mechanical stretching (Mech), in-phase co-stimulation (In), and out-of-phase co-stimulation (Out) for 3 minutes. (c) Average sarcomere length after applying the four different types of stimulations: Elec, Mech, In, and Out. SD, n = 69, 96, 64, and 145. (d) Longer-term performance enhancement of eSMTs following the application of the four stimulations for 20 minutes, SEM, n = 3 for all. Out-of-phase co-stimulation enhanced the contractile force by 31% in 20 minutes.