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. 2019 Feb 25;9:2683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38968-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro biofilms were eradicated by the HOCl- generating electrochemical scaffold. The HOCl- generating e-scaffold completely eradicated viable cells of (A) S. aureus biofilms after 3 hours, (B) A. baumannii biofilms after 2 hours, and (C) P. aeruginosa biofilms after 1 hour. Data are means, and errors are standard deviations of 3 biological replicates. (D) S. aureus biofilm cell viability after treatment with HOCl e-scaffold, final (17 mM) HOCl concentration, and continuous HOCl addition for 3 hours. Data are represented as mean ± SD; n = 3. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the control biofilm (P < 0.001, and 0.001 < P < 0.05).

Inline graphic — In vitro biofilms were eradicated by the HOCl- generating electrochemical scaffold. The HOCl- generating e-scaffold completely eradicated viable cells of (A) S. aureus biofilms after 3 hours, (B) A. baumannii biofilms after 2 hours, and (C) P. aeruginosa biofilms after 1 hour. Data are means, and errors are standard deviations of 3 biological replicates. (D) S. aureus biofilm cell viability after treatment with HOCl e-scaffold, final (17 mM) HOCl concentration, and continuous HOCl addition for 3 hours. Data are represented as mean ± SD; n = 3. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the control biofilm (P < 0.001, and 0.001 < P < 0.05).