Table 2.
Correlates of tobacco smoking, smokeless tobacco use and any tobacco use.
| Male | Female | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Smokeless tobacco | Any form | Smoking | Smokeless tobacco | Any form | |||||||
| AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 15–19 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 20–24 | 2.69* | 2.04–3.56 | 3.04* | 2.21–4.17 | 3.39* | 2.63–4.37 | 1.94 | 0.75–4.96 | 2.38* | 1.19–4.76 | 2.26* | 1.20–4.27 |
| 25–29 | 2.58* | 1.83–3.63 | 5.18* | 3.67–7.32 | 4.25* | 3.16–5.72 | 2.80* | 1.26–6.20 | 5.17* | 2.55–10.48 | 3.47* | 1.98–6.11 |
| 30–34 | 2.18* | 1.58–3.02 | 7.03* | 4.97–9.93 | 5.55* | 4.08–7.53 | 5.29* | 2.68–10.42 | 7.28* | 3.58–14.81 | 6.57* | 3.86–11.19 |
| 35–39 | 1.64* | 1.20–2.25 | 7.33* | 5.41–9.93 | 4.50* | 3.29–6.14 | 7.25* | 3.58–14.68 | 10.79* | 5.54–21.03 | 9.47* | 5.63–15.92 |
| 40–44 | 1.90* | 1.34–2.69 | 7.77* | 5.68–10.62 | 5.41* | 3.95–7.41 | 12.55* | 6.15–25.63 | 11.78* | 5.76–24.08 | 14.30* | 8.24–24.83 |
| 45–49 | 2.77* | 1.95–3.94 | 6.30* | 4.40–9.03 | 5.88* | 4.26–8.13 | 17.20* | 8.70–34.01 | 11.86* | 5.66–24.86 | 17.76* | 10.37–30.41 |
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Primary | 0.90 | 0.67–1.21 | 1.33 | 0.94–1.87 | 1.05 | 0.73–1.51 | 0.55* | 0.39–0.77 | 0.94 | 0.75–1.19 | 0.69* | 0.56–0.84 |
| Secondary | 0.58* | 0.43–0.80 | 0.80 | 0.56–1.14 | 0.60* | 0.43–0.86 | 0.22* | 0.15–0.33 | 0.39* | 0.26–0.60 | 0.28* | 0.21–0.39 |
| Higher | 0.35* | 0.24–0.52 | 0.39* | 0.26–0.58 | 0.31* | 0.21–0.47 | 0.15* | 0.05–0.42 | 0.14* | 0.05–0.39 | 0.13* | 0.06–0.28 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Rural | 0.78* | 0.63–0.96 | 0.80* | 0.66–0.98 | 0.79* | 0.66–0.95 | 0.87 | 0.68–1.10 | 1.06 | 0.80–1.40 | 0.96 | 0.78–1.17 |
| Province | ||||||||||||
| Province 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| province 2 | 0.97 | 0.69–1.38 | 1.33 | 0.91–1.96 | 1.05 | 0.74–1.48 | 0.83 | 0.41–1.69 | 0.26* | 0.14–0.50 | 0.36* | 0.22–0.61 |
| province 3 | 1.59* | 1.08–2.36 | 0.60* | 0.40–0.90 | 0.97 | 0.70–1.33 | 3.25* | 2.09–5.06 | 0.29* | 0.16–0.51 | 0.94 | 0.66–1.34 |
| province 4 | 1.02 | 0.69–1.51 | 0.69* | 0.49–0.98 | 0.76 | 0.53–1.10 | 1.90* | 1.16–3.11 | 0.58* | 0.40–0.84 | 0.85 | 0.61–1.19 |
| province 5 | 0.75 | 0.56–1.00 | 1.14 | 0.85–1.52 | 0.88 | 0.67–1.16 | 1.38 | 0.88–2.18 | 0.49* | 0.33–0.73 | 0.66* | 0.48–0.91 |
| province 6 | 1.08 | 0.70–1.66 | 0.85 | 0.57–1.28 | 0.84 | 0.57–1.24 | 3.02* | 1.97–4.64 | 0.31* | 0.19–0.52 | 0.96 | 0.70–1.32 |
| province 7 | 1.65* | 1.18–2.32 | 1.01 | 0.70–1.47 | 1.21 | 0.88–1.65 | 2.67* | 1.70–4.19 | 0.46* | 0.30–0.71 | 0.98 | 0.69–1.38 |
| Ecological zone | ||||||||||||
| Mountain | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Hill | 0.93 | 0.64–1.35 | 1.63* | 1.24–2.13 | 1.23 | 0.96–1.59 | 1.15 | 0.76–1.74 | 0.94 | 0.62–1.44 | 1.05 | 0.74–1.48 |
| Terai | 1.13 | 0.71–1.81 | 1.93* | 1.20–3.08 | 1.67* | 1.18–2.37 | 1.34 | 0.80–2.24 | 1.35 | 0.81–2.23 | 1.43 | 0.91–2.25 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||||||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Poorer | 0.82 | 0.62–1.09 | 0.93 | 0.68–1.26 | 0.84 | 0.66–1.07 | 0.75 | 0.54–1.04 | 0.83 | 0.58–1.19 | 0.74* | 0.56–0.99 |
| Middle | 0.89 | 0.62–1.27 | 0.73 | 0.50–1.07 | 0.75 | 0.55–1.01 | 0.57* | 0.39–0.83 | 0.54* | 0.34–0.85 | 0.52* | 0.37–0.73 |
| Richer | 0.89 | 0.61–1.30 | 0.83 | 0.54–1.26 | 0.72* | 0.52–0.99 | 0.57* | 0.36–0.91 | 0.41* | 0.22–0.77 | 0.45* | 0.29–0.71 |
| Richest | 0.60* | 0.40–0.89 | 0.46* | 0.30–0.71 | 0.50* | 0.36–0.71 | 0.27* | 0.13–0.56 | 0.32* | 0.18–0.59 | 0.25* | 0.14–0.42 |
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Less than once a week | 1.09 | 0.87–1.36 | 0.95 | 0.76–1.18 | 1.03 | 0.81–1.29 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.32 | 0.81 | 0.55–1.20 | 0.82 | 0.57–1.19 |
| At least once a week | 1.23 | 0.85–1.78 | 0.88 | 0.66–1.18 | 1.03 | 0.76–1.41 | 0.76 | 0.28–2.08 | 0.83 | 0.35–2.01 | 0.86 | 0.44–1.67 |
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Less than once a week | 0.86 | 0.69–1.07 | 1.02 | 0.82–1.26 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.06 | 1.01 | 0.83–1.23 | 0.58* | 0.44–0.76 | 0.80* | 0.67–0.95 |
| At least once a week | 0.81 | 0.65–1.01 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.34 | 0.75* | 0.61–0.92 | 0.76 | 0.57–1.01 | 0.61* | 0.45–0.83 | 0.69* | 0.54–0.88 |
| Frequency of watching television | ||||||||||||
| Not at all | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Less than once a week | 1.01 | 0.75–1.37 | 1.06 | 0.79–1.42 | 1.03 | 0.77–1.39 | 0.97 | 0.71–1.34 | 0.99 | 0.71–1.4 | 0.99 | 0.77–1.27 |
| At least once a week | 1.01 | 0.78–1.31 | 1.29 | 0.97–1.72 | 1.29 | 0.96–1.74 | 0.78 | 0.53–1.13 | 1.07 | 0.76–1.51 | 0.94 | 0.71–1.24 |
| Internet use | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Within 12 months | 0.95 | 0.77–1.17 | 0.83 | 0.68–1.01 | 0.86 | 0.70–1.06 | 1.41 | 0.79–2.51 | 0.97 | 0.59–1.61 | 1.30 | 0.88–1.92 |
| Yes, but not in the last 12 months | 0.98 | 0.58–1.67 | 0.81 | 0.49–1.33 | 0.88 | 0.54–1.42 | ||||||