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. 2019 Feb 25;9:2679. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39093-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Flowchart depicting the major steps in the production of pharmaceutical Hp and the points at which the major four by-product fractions designated here as A-D were obtained. The production from porcine intestine at a slaughterhouse to final pharmaceutical Hp and LMWH, involves a clean-up process with multiple steps to ensure that all contaminants are removed, providing final products of pharmaceutical grade for human use. Estimates of typical yield quantities (kilograms) of the various intermediates, by-products and products from a production process starting with ~1800 intestines are as shown.