Fig. 6. Exogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) treatment reduced trophoblast cell invasion.

a Western blot analysis of pSmad3 and Smad3 in HTR-8/SVneo cells stimulated by exogenous TGF-β1. b Western blot analysis of type I collagen production in HTR-8/SVneo cells stimulated by exogenous TGF-β1. c Amount of soluble collagen from cell culture supernatants was quantified using a sircol collagen assay. Data are presented as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. d Invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells upon TGF-β1 treatment was determined by Transwell assays. Representative images are shown. e Relative fold changes in cell invasion were calculated. Statistical data were analyzed by Student’s t-test. Data are presented as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01