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. 2019 Feb 19;10:132. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00132

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Copyright © 2019 Mancini, Vitucci, Randers, Schmidt, Hagman, Andersen, Imperlini, Mandola, Orrù, Krustrup and Buono.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effects of lifelong football training on the expression of key markers involved in autophagy. Protein expression levels of HSP70, HSP90, and ATG5-ATG12 complex, involved in autophagy process, of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and of PSMD13 subunit of the 19S regulator complex were analyzed by Western Blotting in muscle biopsies from 15 controls (CG, black bars) to15 veterans subjects (VPG, gray bars). GAPDH served as loading control. Representative blots are reported for each protein analyzed. Data were expressed as percentage of CG expression. Comparison between groups was determined by ANOVA and represent the means (±SEM) of three different experiments. Differences were considered significant at ^∗p < 0.05 vs CG.