Table 2.
Comparison of dietary intake, anthropometric indices, and physical activity in the study groups pre- and post-intervention
| Variables | Supplement group (n=26) | Placebo group (n=25) | P† |
|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | |||
| Baseline | 74.55±12.20 | 74.40±16.10 | 0.97† |
| 16 weeks | 75.13±12.29 | 75.76±16.33 | 0.88† |
| P*,‡ | 0.64 | 0.06 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||
| Baseline | 100.87±15.02 | 99.36±14.62 | 0.71 |
| 16 weeks | 100.47±9.61 | 99.52±13.54 | 0.87 |
| P‡ | 0.85 | 0.92 | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||
| Baseline | 0.94±0.05 | 0.92±0.10 | 0.18 |
| 16 weeks | 0.95±0.56 | 0.92±0.11 | 0.18 |
| P‡ | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Baseline | 30.21±4.42 | 29.20±6.41 | 0.16 |
| 16 weeks | 30.42±4.30 | 29.73±6.48 | 0.21 |
| P¥ | 0.55 | 0.08 | |
| 25(OH) D3 (ng/mL) | |||
| Baseline | 21.32±5.85 | 20.73±6.47 | 0.81 |
| 16 weeks | 29.11±11.70 | 22.4±11.36 | 0.04 |
| P¥ | <0.001** | 0.89 | |
| Energy intake (kCal/day) | |||
| Baseline | 2337.92±410.20 | 2203.60±442.12 | 0.26 |
| 16 weeks | 2276.82±448.80 | 2084.20±257.66 | 0.07 |
| P‡ | 0.07 | 0.24 | |
| Carbohydrate intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 356.29±84.41 | 322.25±66.19 | 0.11 |
| 16 weeks | 343.28±73.36 | 311.16±56.25 | 0.86 |
| P‡ | 0.11 | 0.44 | |
| Protein intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 91.80±15.57 | 86.99±15.07 | 0.33 |
| 16 weeks | 86.90±17.92 | 100.48±9.61 | 0.44 |
| P‡ | 0.57 | 0.98 | |
| Fat intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 64.29±10.61 | 56.25±11.51 | 0.02** |
| 16 weeks | 62.24±15.20 | 53±13.93 | 0.43† |
| P‡ | 0.40 | 0.54 | |
| Vitamin C intake (mg/day) | |||
| Baseline | 125.66±58.79 | 84.72±54.17 | 0.02** |
| 16 weeks | 101.81±51.50 | 88.43±49.50 | 0.38 |
| P‡ | 0.07 | 0.68 | |
| Vitamin D intake (mcg/day) | |||
| Baseline | 0.84±1.28 | 0.56±0.72 | 0.33 |
| 16 weeks | 1.06±1.23 | 0.77±0.79 | 0.33 |
| P¥ | 0.48 | 0.27 | |
| Saturated fatty acids intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 17.89±9.16 | 16.11±11.24 | 0.27 |
| 16 weeks | 16.73±8.72 | 12.67±6.23 | 0.07 |
| P¥ | 0.10 | 0.33 | |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 25.54±11.11 | 21.41±7.06 | 0.12 |
| 16 weeks | 24.40±14.80 | 19.84±6.91 | 0.18 |
| P‡ | 0.56 | 0.28 | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake (g/day) | |||
| Baseline | 19.93±5.51 | 20.36±9.23 | 0.84 |
| 16 weeks | 18.27±4.21 | 16.96±4.24 | 0.26 |
| P‡ | 0.04 | 0.84 | |
| Exposure to sunlight score | |||
| Baseline | 31.02±24.67 | 32.54±33.05 | 0.85 |
| 16 weeks | 40.29±35.23 | 32.80±25.19 | 0.54 |
| P‡ | 0.44 | 0.98 | |
| Physical activity (MET/hours*day) | |||
| Baseline | 31.48±18.12 | 25.81±15.81 | 0.09 |
| 16 weeks | 30.28±16.99 | 24.95±12.96 | 0.19 |
| P¥ | 0.50 | 0.99 |
Variables are represented as mean±SD. †By independent t-test, ‡By paired sample t-test, ¥By Wilcoxon signed rank test, *Indicates between groups comparisons, **P<0.05. SD=Standard deviation, BMI=Body mass index, MET=Metabolic equivalent of task