Table 3.
Effects of vitamin D on inflammatory biomarkers, anxiety, stress, and depression
| Variables | Intervention group (n=26) | Placebo group (n=25) | P | P* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | ||||
| Baseline | 12.31±4.26 | 10.44±5.05 | 0.16† | <0.001** |
| 16 weeks | 9.15±4.54 | 13.28±4.61 | 0.02†,** | |
| Change | -3.15±4.65 | 1.64±4.75 | 0.001†,** | |
| P (within group)‡ | <0.001** | 0.10 | ||
| Stress | ||||
| Baseline | 13.27±5.38 | 1.84±4.29 | 0.68† | 0.42 |
| 16 weeks | 12.2±6.63 | 13.28±4.61 | 0.51† | |
| Change | -1.04±4.68 | -0.56±2.80 | 0.66† | |
| P (within group)‡ | 0.26 | 0.33 | ||
| Depression | ||||
| Baseline | 11.88±4.84 | 12.44±5.09 | 0.69† | 0.29 |
| 16 weeks | 9.88±3.88 | 11.08±5.28 | 0.36† | |
| Change | -2.00±4.38 | -1.36±4.07 | 0.59† | |
| P (within group)¥ | 0.03** | 0.11 | ||
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | ||||
| Baseline | 3.23 (1.37, 9.06) | 4.12 (2.32, 10.65) | 0.35₤ | <0.001** |
| 16 weeks | 2.39 (1.18, 7.93) | 4.29 (2.56, 10.23) | 0.05₤ | |
| Change | -0.27 (-0.89, -0.22) | 2.58 (-0.21, 1.21) | 0.01₤ | |
| P (within group)¥ | 0.01** | 0.16 | ||
| IL-10 (ng/mL) | ||||
| Baseline | 80.25 (61.75, 102.00) | 93.00 (70.75, 115.00) | 0.22₤ | 0.02** |
| 16 weeks | 93.00 (64.27, 157.27) | 83.00 (66.90, 106.00) | 0.44₤ | |
| Change | 8.80 (-2.86, 27.75) | 2.1 (-11.00, 10.70) | 0.04₤ | |
| P (within group)¥ | 0.02** | 0.93 | ||
Variables are represented mean±SD or median (25th, 75th percentiles). *By ANCOVA for between groups’ comparisons (adjustment was made for baseline values, fat, and vitamin C intake), †By Independent t-test, ‡By paired sample t-test, ¥Obtained from Wilcoxon signed rank test, ₤Obtained from Mann-Whitney test, **P<0.05. SD=Standard deviation, hs-CRP=high sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-10=interleukin 10