Table 4.

Substrates, inducers and inhibitors of the cytochrome P450 enzymatic pathways [21, 23]

CYP3A4 substrates	Inducers	Inhibitors
Statins (simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin) Elvitegravir Hormonal contraceptives Corticosteroids (budesonide, fluticasone, triamcinolone) Direct Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban) Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, felodipine) Antiarrhythmic (amiodarone, propafenone, flecainide) Benzodiazepines (midazolam, alprazolam, triazolam)	Anti-epileptic drugs (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital) Rifabutin, Rifampin Dexamethasone Omeprazole Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz, nevirapine, etravirine)	Azoles antifungals (fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole) Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) Antidepressants (tricyclic, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, sertraline) Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus) Nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) Amiodarone Protease inhibitors (indinavir, amprenavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, ritonavir) Cobicistat Grapefruit juice