Table 3.

Factors associated with antibiotic use among sore throat/pharyngitis visits^c

	Events (n)	ABX %	Adjusted HRb	95% Confidence Limits
A. 17 years and younger
Diagnostic test (ref. NAAT)
RADT only	4,682,423	52.49	2.23	2.16	2.31
RADT and culture	2,751,575	26.56	0.91	0.88	0.94
No test	1,834,351	55.73	2.30	2.22	2.38
Other test combinations	950,367	40.68	1.57	1.52	1.62
Place of service (ref. office)
ED	262,364	50.15	1.01	1.00	1.01
Urgent carea	483,304	55.71	1.15	1.15	1.16
Laboratory/other	554,423	34.45	0.76	0.76	0.77
Provider type (ref. pediatrician)
Family medicine	1,577,559	56.53	1.40	1.40	1.41
Internal medicine	235,431	55.6	1.40	1.39	1.41
Other	3,309,058	46.52	1.20	1.20	1.21
B. 18 years and older
Diagnostic test (ref. NAAT)
RADT only	3,400,327	54.66	1.49	1.44	1.54
RADT and culture	967,958	44.58	1.16	1.13	1.20
No test	3,397,174	57.88	1.59	1.54	1.64
Other test combinations	773,114	50.57	1.41	1.36	1.45
Place of service (ref. office)
ED	411,369	51.01	0.92	0.91	0.92
Urgent care	824,376	57.39	1.10	1.10	1.11
Laboratory/other	537,543	41.82	0.73	0.72	0.73
Provider type (ref. family medicine)
Internal medicine	235,431	55.6	0.99	0.99	0.99
Pediatrician	5,107,500	39.92	0.65	0.65	0.66
Other	3,309,058	46.52	0.93	0.92	0.93

Multivariable Anderson-Gill Survival Models and Adjusted HRs for Antibiotic Use in Patients Aged (A) < 18 Years and (B) ≥ 18 Years

^aUrgent care center’s generally see patients on a first-come, first-serve basis for issues that require immediate attention but are not serious enough to warrant an emergency department visit

^bAnderson and Gill’s Cox Regression Model Counting process using PROC PHREG (Reference)

^cAdjusted for all variables in the table as well as patient’s sex, region, health plan, and calendar year. P-values< 0.0001 for all covariates except for p = 0.0031 for ED in patients < 18

CI confidence interval, ED emergency department, HR hazard ratio, NAAT nucleic acid amplification testing, RADT rapid antigen detection test