Fig. 1.

The chronic social stress (CSS) model of postpartum depression and anxiety. F0 dams and their F1 pups are exposed to novel male intruder stress for one hour/day during postnatal days 2–15. This social stress is an early life chronic social stressor (ECSS) for the F1 generation. Both the F0 and F1 dams exhibit depressed maternal care and increased maternal anxiety. The current study focused on female F1 adults, who were imaged for resting state functional connectivity (RSFC).