Table 4.
Associations of neonatal conditions and exposures with early AKI in the full AWAKEN cohort
| Variable | Non-AKI (%) | AKI (%) | Partially Adjusteda OR (95% CI) | P Value | Fully Adjustedb OR (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery site | ||||||
| Inborn | 1085 (65) | 172 (38) | Ref | — | Ref | — |
| Outborn | 576 (35) | 277 (62) | 2.8 (1.7 to 4.5) | <0.001 | 2.6 (1.6 to 4.0) | <0.001 |
| Size | ||||||
| Small for gestational age | 359 (22) | 84 (19) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.45 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 0.76 |
| Normal for gestational age | 1219 (74) | 330 (74) | Ref | — | Ref | — |
| Large for gestational age | 79 (5) | 33 (7) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.11 | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.3) | 0.06 |
| Intubation | 391 (24) | 145 (32) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.0) | 0.44 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 0.95 |
| Chest compressions | 48 (3) | 36 (8) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.3) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 0.94 | |
| Epinephrine | 16 (1) | 22 (5) | 2.5 (1.3 to 4.9) | <0.01 | 2.4 (1.1 to 5.1) | 0.03 |
| Saline bolus | 46 (3) | 34 (8) | 1.7 (0.9 to 3.0) | 0.09 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.67 |
| Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy/seizures | 104 (6) | 63 (14) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) | 0.15 | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.50 |
| Hypoglycemia | 197 (12) | 40 (9) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.19 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 0.14 |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | 40 (2) | 23 (5) | 2.3 (1.3 to 4.1) | 0.003 | 2.4 (1.4 to 3.9) | <0.001 |
| Inborn errors of metabolism | 10 (0.6) | 9 (2) | 3.9 (1.5 to 9.8) | 0.004 | 3.3 (1.4 to 7.8) | <0.01 |
| Congenital heart disease | 64 (4) | 25 (6) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.4) | 0.11 | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) | 0.06 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 7 (0.4) | 6 (1) | 2.9 (1.0 to 8.3) | 0.06 | 2.1 (0.8 to 5.7) | 0.14 |
| Surgical need | 55 (3) | 34 (8) | 2.5 (1.4 to 4.3) | 0.001 | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.8) | <0.01 |
| Kidney abnormalities | ||||||
| None | 1608 (97) | 433 (97) | ||||
| Mild-to-moderate kidney anomalies | 50 (3) | 15 (3) | 0.9 (0.1 to 10.8) | 0.90 | 1.4 (0.2 to 9.8) | 0.76 |
AWAKEN, Assessment of Worldwide AKI Epidemiology in Neonates; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; Ref, XXX; —, XXX.
a
Estimated from a generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic model accounting for clustering by study center and adjusted for gestational age, ethnicity, and Apgar-1 and -5.
b
Estimated from a GEE logistic model accounting for clustering by study center and adjusted for gestational age, ethnicity, and Apgar-1 and -5 in addition to other variables in the table.