Figure 5. Mucosal vaccine induced newly migrated monocytes in the IELs of the colorectal tissues, which demonstrated a biphasic positive correlation with viral exposure in the third study.

(A and B) In the CD45⁺ live mononuclear cell gating of one representative animal, the CD14⁺DR^– subset was dramatically increased after vaccination. The majority of the CD14⁺DR^– subset was CCR5⁺Ki67⁺CD69^–CD38^–CD4^–. (C) The kinetics of the CD14⁺DR^– subset before and after prime/boost in the vaccinated animals. Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used for comparison. (D–F) The CD14⁺DR^– subset did not correlate with the number of viral exposures in all the vaccinated animals. If the animals were split into early- and later-infected animals, in both subpopulations of the animals there were positive associations (trends) between the CD14⁺DR^– subset and the number of viral exposures. Spearman’s test was used to calculate the r and P values of the correlations. (G) The adherent cells from naive PBMCs were treated with vaccine components or medium/glucan (as indicated in the figure) for 24 hours. After washout, the cells were cultured for 6 days in R10 medium. On day 6, the cells were detached and analyzed by flow cytometry. NS, not significant.