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. 2019 Feb 15;14:1193–1212. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S190426

Table 5.

In vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of TCG in rats after oral administration of raw TCG suspension, TCG-CE, and TCG-SM

Pharmacokinetic parameters Samples
Raw TCG suspension TCG-CE TCG-SM
Tmax (hours) 1.02±0.52 0.58±0.23 0.75±0.24
Cmax (ng/mL) 68.94±25.67 85.10±35.57 439.18±172.01*,#
AUC0–∞ (ng⋅h/mL) 443.26±147.80 427.25±153.96 2,525.29±390.27*,#
T1/2 (hours) 5.97±4.91 3.40±1.40 4.34±2.09
RBA (%) vs raw TCG suspension 123.4 637.1

Notes:

*

P<0.05 vs raw TCG suspension,

#

P<0.05 vs TCG-CE. Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=11). “–” indicates compared samples of raw TCG suspension are equal with each other.

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the concentration–time curve; Cmax, maximum plasma concentration; RBA, relative bioavailability; Tmax, time to reach the maximum plasma concentration; T1/2, half-life; TCG, ticagrelor; TCG-CE, ticagrelor-loaded Cremophor EL; TCG-SM, ticagrelor-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system.