Table 1.

Bivariate associations between socio-demographic characteristics, meso-level risk environment factors and micro-level psychosocial characteristics associated with perpetration of IPV in past 6 months among the total sample (N = 1340)

	Total sample (N = 1340)	Physical/sexual IPV in past 6 months (N = 90)	No IPV in past 6 months (N = 1250)	p value
Socio-demographics
Age (mean, SD)	27.0, 7.2	24.9, 5.3	27.1, 7.3	0.0004**
High school or higher education (67 missing)	925 (72.6%)	59 (68.6%)	866 (72.8%)	0.396
Married	586 (43.7%)	36 (40.0%)	550 (44.0%)	0.46
Have children under 18	354 (26.4%)	10 (11.1%)	344 (27.5%)	0.0006**
Ever in jail or prison	107 (8.0%)	11 (12.2%)	96 (7.7%)	0.1247
Religion—Muslim	1261 (94.1%)	80 (88.9%)	1181 (94.5%)	0.0296*
Meso-level physical, economic, and social risk environment factors
Poor living conditions (lack any of these amenities: electricity, running water, toilet, heating)	559 (41.7%)	58 (64.4%)	501 (40.1%)	<  0.0001**
Homeless	181 (13.5%)	18 (20.0%)	163 (13.0%)	0.0621
Traveled outside of Almaty in the past year	711 (53.1%)	53 (58.9%)	658 (52.6%)	0.2513
Food insecurity	302 (22.5%)	34 (37.8%)	268 (21.4%)	0.0003**
Income below living wage	229 (17.1%)	24 (26.7%)	205 (16.4%)	0.0125*
Arrested, incarcerated, or beaten up for political activities or beliefs	58 (4.3%)	16 (17.8%)	42 (3.4%)	< 0.0001 **
Deported, threatened to be deported, or feared being deported	114 (8.5%)	18 (20.0%)	96 (7.7%)	< 0.0001**
Arrested by migration police	473 (35.3%)	36 (40.0%)	437 (35.0%)	0.3339
Microsystem psychosocial factors
Childhood sexual abuse	73 (5.5%)	23 (25.6%)	50 (4.0%)	< 0.0001**
Hazardous drinking	220 (16.4%)	28 (31.1%)	192 (15.4%)	< 0.0001**
Depression (mean, SD)	0.7, 1.0	1.5, 1.3	0.6, 1.0	< 0.0001**
Social support (mean, SD)	18.8, 7.1	15.3, 6.5	19.0, 7.1	< 0.0001**

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01