Table 3.
Demographics, postmortem toxicology, and health care utilization among decedents in 2016 stratified by any opioid analgesic prescription from 2010 to 2016 in the IL CSMP
| Any opioid analgesic prescription | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | Test statistic (p) | |
| n | 1320 | 573 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Male (%) | 921 (69.8) | 446 (77.8) | 12.5*** |
| Black (%) | 266 (20.2) | 191 (33.3) | 37.2*** |
| Hispanic (%) | 113 (8.8) | 90 (16.3) | 21.9*** |
| Age (mean (SD)) | 42.16 (12.85) | 40.51 (12.69) | 6.8** |
| Rural (%) | 144 (10.9) | 35 (6.1) | 10.2** |
| Chicago resident (%) | 338 (25.6) | 268 (46.8) | 81.3*** |
| ZIP median income, 2016 USD (mean (SD)) | 57,307 (21907) | 53,230 (24258) | 11.9*** |
| Drugs involved in overdose | |||
| Prescription (%) | 267 (20.2) | 42 (7.3) | 47.7*** |
| Prescription alone (%) | 166 (12.6) | 22 (3.8) | 33.1*** |
| Heroin (%) | 706 (53.5) | 379 (66.1) | 25.7*** |
| Fentanyl and fentanyl analogue (%) | 552 (41.8) | 288 (50.3) | 11.2** |
| Cocaine (%) | 269 (20.4) | 147 (25.7) | 6.2* |
| Alcohol (%) | 228 (17.3) | 124 (21.6) | 4.8* |
| Benzodiazepine (%) | 220 (16.7) | 64 (11.2) | 9.0** |
| Health care utilization (2012–2016) | |||
| Buprenorphine in last 12 months (%) | 114 (8.6) | 19 (3.3) | 16.5*** |
| Any Benzodiazepine prescription (%) | 886 (67.1) | 102 (17.8) | 387.5*** |
| Benzodiazepine prescription in the last 12 months (%) | 637 (48.3) | 61 (10.6) | 241.2*** |
| Any ED or hospital admission (%) | 1261 (95.5) | 355 (62.0) | 357.9*** |
| Hospital admissions (mean (SD)) | 3.06 (6.47) | 0.77 (2.39) | 126.7*** |
| ED admissions (mean (SD)) | 10.58 (15.80) | 2.52 (4.21) | 295.5*** |
| Total hospital stay (mean (SD)) | 14.78 (39.97) | 3.65 (13.35) | 81.4*** |
| OUD diagnosis (%) | 591 (44.8) | 138 (24.1) | 71.4*** |
| Previous nonfatal overdose (%) | 333 (25.2) | 77 (13.4) | 32*** |
| Primary insurance (%) | 73.8*** | ||
| Commercial | 310 (24.6) | 83 (23.4) | |
| Medicaid | 562 (44.6) | 151 (42.5) | |
| Medicare | 196 (15.5) | 11 (3.1) | |
| Other | 55 (4.4) | 22 (6.2) | |
| Self-pay | 138 (10.9) | 88 (24.8) | |
Note. The test statistic is t statistic or χ-squared statistic for continuous and categorical variables, respectively
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001
ED emergency department, SD standard deviation, OUD opioid use disorder