Table 2.

Hierarchical AMOVA analysis considering the three genetic groups suggested by the haplotype distribution.

Variation source	d.f.	Sum of squares	Variance component	% of variation
Northern group vs. Central group vs. Southern group
Among groups	2	251.539	0.682	52.13
Among populations within groups	36	141.953	0.239	18.31
Within populations	540	208.820	0.387	29.56
Total	578	602.313	1.308
ΦCT = 0.52 (p < 0.001); ΦST = 0.70 (p < 0.001)
Northern group vs. Central-Southern groups
Among groups	1	124.357	0.703	45.25
Among populations within groups	37	269.135	0.464	29.86
Within population	540	208.820	0.387	24.90
Total	578	602.313	1.553
ΦCT = 0.45 (p < 0.001); ΦST = 0.75 (p < 0.001)
Northern group vs. Central group
Among groups	1	90.409	0.633	43.48
Among populations within groups	18	110.387	0.385	26.39
Within population	276	121.154	0.439	30.12
Total	295	321.949	1.457
ΦCT = 0.43 (p < 0.001); ΦST = 0.70 (p < 0.001)
Northern group vs. Southern group
Among groups	1	151.269	0.991	64.56
Among populations within groups	24	90.117	0.233	15.18
Within population	358	111.354	0.311	20.26
Total	383	352.740	1.535
ΦCT = 0.65 (p < 0.001); ΦST = 0.80 (p < 0.001)
Central group vs. Southern group
Among groups	1	127.182	0.539	48.44
Among populations within groups	30	83.402	0.158	14.24
Within population	446	185.133	0.415	37.32
Total	477	395.718	1.112
ΦCT = 0.48 (p < 0.001); ΦST = 0.63 (p < 0.001)

Φ_CT = amount of differentiation among/between regions; Φ_ST = amount of differentiation among populations.