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. 2019 Feb 26;9:2786. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-38924-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SCh injection for muscle spindle identification. (A) Foot displacement during the ramp-and-hold trial. (B) Histogram of firing rate changes after SCh injection for units classified as muscle spindle afferents. (C) A unit with strong SCh response that was differentially modulated by perturbation direction with a dynamic response during flexion of the leg (flexion phase bounded by dashed lines), likely representing a primary muscle spindle (type Ia) afferent. (D) A unit with modest SCh response with a small dynamic response during flexion of the leg, likely representing a secondary muscle spindle (type II) afferent. (E) A unit that responds during leg extension movements, but appears unaffected by SCh, likely representative of a cutaneous afferent. (F) A unit without response to SCh or limb motion. Firing rates are displayed as mean (line) ± standard deviation (shaded area). Unit waveforms (red, amplitude given below or above) displayed in (C–F) to show stability of signal amplitude before and after SCh injection.