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. 2019 Feb 26;9:2832. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39397-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression patterns of some crucial genes involved in auxin biosynthesis and signaling. (A) IAA biosynthesis and metabolism pathway in Arabidopsis. There are three stages for auxin activity and regulation: synthesis, transport, and signaling. IAA biosynthesis starts from tryptophan. The formation reaction may require two critical enzymes, TAA1 and some YUCs. AUX1 is the efflux, while PIN1 is the influx carrier. These two proteins are responsible for auxin transport. TIR1 is the auxin receptor in Arabidopsis. The lines marked in green and red represent activated and suppressed pathways, respectively. (B) qRT-PCR analysis of selected genes in the wild type, two single mutants, and their double mutant. ACTIN2 was used as an internal control. Three independent experiments were performed, each with three replicates. (C) The IAA content of STTM transgenic plants was calculated by HPLC. Two independent experiments were performed. Bars show SE. Asterisks in B and C indicate that values are significantly different at P < 0.01.