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. 2019 Feb 26;9:2830. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39063-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic diagram of this research. (A) Diagram of axonal projections from LPB to brainstem arousal areas via ORX neurons which were newly identified in this study. (B) Schematic drawings of combined anterograde (black) and retrograde (green) tract-tracing method. Immunohistochemistry was performed on sections of the tuberal hypothalamus (dotted line). CTb negative and ORX positive neurons (ORX+) are represented as blue neurons, CTb positive ORX negative (CTb+) cells are as green neurons and CTb positive ORX positive neurons (ORX+ and CTb+) are as red neurons. LPB; lateral parabrachial nucleus, ORX; orexin, CTb; cholera toxin subunit B, BDA; biotinylated dextranamine, VTA; ventral tegmental area, PPT; pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, LDT; laterodorsal tegmental area, LC; locus coeruleus, DR; dorsal raphe nucleus.