Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Primary Author | Year | Study Design (Level of Evidence) | Total Sample Size, n | Syndesmotic Injuries, n | % Male | Mean Age (Range), y | Mean Follow-up, mo | Consensus MINORS Score a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steinmetz | 2016 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 126 | 126 | 61 | 45 ± 15.7 (16-86.5) | 70.8 ± 5.9 | 10 |
| Calder | 2016 | Prospective cohort (2) | 64 | 64 | NR | NR | 37 (range 24-66) | 13 |
| Sman | 2014 | Prospective cohort (2) | 32 | 32 | 90.6 | 21.4 ± 3.3 | NR | 9 |
| Osbahr | 2013 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 36 | 36 | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
| Porter | 2014 | Case series (4) | 27 | 27 | 70.4 | 18.1 ± 5.9 (12-37) | 28 (range 12-43) | 11 |
| Taylor | 2007 | Case series (4) | 6 | 6 | 100 | 19 | 34.3 | 12 |
| Flik | 2005 | Prospective cohort (3) | 113 | 5 | 100 | NR | NR | 8 |
| Wright | 2004 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 14 | 14 | NR | NR | NR | 8 |
| Gerber | 1998 | Prospective cohort (2) | 16 | 16 | NR | 20 (17-24) | 3.75 (range 1.5-6) | 8 |
| Ogilvie-Harris | 1997 | Case series (4) | 100 | 7 | 54 | 29 (17-51) | 33 | 10 |
MINORS, Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies; NR, not reported.
a
Score range is 0 to 16 for noncomparative studies.