Figure 1.

Trialwise neural dissimilarity is increased after change points during periods of rapid learning for multiple brain regions. A, Participants were asked to move a bucket (pink rectangle) on each trial to the location most likely to deliver a reward (in the form of a bag containing coins). On each trial (stacked vertically), the participant would observe an outcome (bag location; gray circle) that they could use to update their bucket placement for the subsequent trial (orange arrow). Most contiguous trials were generated from the same context, which was defined by a fixed outcome distribution; however, at occasional change points, the context (mean outcome location) shifted abruptly and unpredictably. B, Example sequence of outcomes (gray circles) and corresponding participant bucket placements (pink line) plotted across trials. C, Participant bucket placements were well described by a normative learning model (green line) that adjusts learning rate according to CPP and RU, which are updated according to the model on each trial and evolve over time. D, Trialwise measures of neural dissimilarity were computed on each trial as one minus the correlation coefficient between contiguous trial activations within a searchlight and regressed onto learning rates from the normative learning model to identify brain regions with BOLD activations that evolved more rapidly during periods of rapid learning. E, Diverse array of brain regions including occipital regions, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, OFC, and temporal regions displayed neural changes that were positively related to learning (green clusters). All images are thresholded at p = 0.001, uncorrected.