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. 2019 Feb 27;18:29. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-0956-8

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — NKG2D-mediated tumor evasion. PGE₂ binds to EP2/4 and inhibits NKG2D transcription via the AC/cAMP/PKA pathway. Kynurenine inhibits NKG2D transcription via the JNK pathway. Tregs and MDSCs secrete cytokines, such as TGF-β, and inhibit NKG2D expression. The tumor itself can also express NKG2D receptor, which binds to NKG2DL on adjacent tumor cells, activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and promotes tumor proliferation