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. 2019 Feb 27;18:29. doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-0956-8

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 5 — Effects of virus on NKG2DL expression. 1) HBV infection promoted the expression of GATA-2 and GATA-3 and directly bound to the promoter region of MICA/B to inhibit MICA/B expression. 2) Viral miRNA targeting mRNA reduced MICB translation. 3) E3/19 K protein increased the synthesis of the NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB and stored them in the immature form in the endoplasmic reticulum but inhibited their expression on the cell surface. 4) HIV-1 caused infected cells to release soluble ligands (sNKG2DL)