TABLE 1:

Summary of major damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), based on data from Pineau and Lacroix,³¹ Tsan and Gao,⁵⁷ and Beg⁵⁹

DAMP	TLR	Factors Produced	Refs.
Heat shock proteins (HSPs)
HSP60	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, NO	77–79
HSP70	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-12	80, 81
Gp96	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, IL-12	82
HSP22	TLR4	TNF, IL-6, IL-12	76
Extracellular matrix components
Heparan sulfate	TLR4	TNF	83–85
Hyaluronan-derived oligosaccharide	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, MIP-1a, MIP-2, KC	86, 87
Biglycan	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, MIP-2	88
Fibronectin extra domain A	TLR4	MMP-9	89
Decorin	TLR2, TLR4	PDCD4, IL-10	101
Versican	TLR2, TLR6	TNF-α, IL-6	102
Necrotic cells	TLR2, TLR3	TNF, IL-8, MIP-2, KC, MMP-3, iNOS	94, 95
RNA	TLR3, TLR7	IL-12, IFN-α	97, 98
DNA (in the form of immune complexes)	TLR9	IFN-α	97, 100
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1)	TLR2, TLR4	TNF, IL-1a,IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, COX-2, iNOS	30, 90–93
Lung surfactant protein A	TLR4	TNF-α, IL-10	96
Fibrinogen	TLR4	MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, MCP-1	44
S100A8	TLR4	TNF-α	103
S100A9	TLR4	IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10	104
Fibrillar β-amyloid	TLR2, TLR4	Superoxide radical	105
α-synuclein	TLR4	TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL1, ROS	106