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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2018 Dec;16(4):386–405. doi: 10.1007/s11938-018-0199-6

Figure 1. Endoscopic closuring techniques.

Figure 1.

Label: 1. Closure of esophageal POEM access site using TTSCs; 2. A. Esophageal fistula (arrow), B. Closure perforation site with cap mounted clip, C. Fluoroscopy demonstrating no leakage after closure; 3. Endoloop technique; A. Wall defect., B. TTSC placed with an endoloop at the margin of the defect., C. Closing the endoloop approximating the edges of the defect., D. Final aspect of the defect closure; 4. Suturing a defect with endoscopic suture device; 5. Cardiac septal occluder sealing a chronic fistula after a sleeve gastrectomy; 6. Tissue sealants: cianoacrylate to closure fistula tract after endoscopic fisula closure; 7. Luminal bariatric stent for covering a sleeve gastrectomy fistula; 8. “Septum” between defect and lumen after a sleeve gastrectomy; 9. Achnkalasia balloon dilation after septotomy; 10. Internal drainage with double pigtail stents; 11. Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy (EVT); 12. A. Granulation tissue in the fistula tract during EVT, B. Esophageal scar (arrow) at site of prior fistula, after successful closure with EVT