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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Melanoma Res. 2019 Apr;29(2):109–118. doi: 10.1097/CMR.0000000000000535

Figure 2. Checkpoint + neoantigen vaccine combination therapies.

Figure 2.

1-3A Neoantigen based vaccines are generated by the identification of neoepitopes through whole exome sequencing of tumor and matched donor tissues. The neoepitopes are tested for immunogenicity and strong MHC binding through the use of computational algorithms and in vitro testing. Selected neoantigens are then used for vaccine production. 3B. Other immunotherapies are in the clinic for the treatment of melanoma. These include numerous checkpoint inhibitors and agonistic therapies, standard chemotherapy and radiation, and immunomodulating agents. 4. Combinations of neoantigen vaccines and other immunotherapies might lead to an optimal anti-tumor immune response.