Figure 7.

Simultaneous pre‐exposure to (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate (HAC) and indole results in specific defence signatures in maize plants. Principal component analyses of maize defence markers (a) 0 min, (b) 45 min, and (c) 5 hr after induction by simulated herbivory. Plants were pre‐exposed to HAC, indole, or both volatiles simultaneously (HAC + Indole, n = 5) prior to induction by simulated herbivory. PCAs include data on defence gene expression at 0 min, phytohormones and signalling related gene expression at 45 min, and defence gene expression and secondary metabolite production at the 5 hr time point. Data points represent individual replicate samples. Vectors of individual defence markers are shown as grey arrows. P values of permutational analyses of variance (“Adonis test”) between treatments are shown