Table 6. Risk of bias across studies included in this review.
| Study
Reference |
1. Was
the research question or objective in this paper clearly stated? |
2. Was
the study population clearly specified and defined? |
3. Was the
participation rate of eligible persons at least 50%? |
. Were all
the subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar populations (including the same time period)? Were inclusion and exclusion criteria for being in the study prespecified and applied uniformly to all participants? |
5. Was a
sample size justification, power description, or variance and effect estimates provided? |
6. For the
analyses in this paper, were the exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? |
7. Was the
timeframe sufficient so that one could reasonably expect to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? |
8. For
exposures that can vary in amount or level, did the study examine different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome (e.g., categories of exposure, or exposure measured as continuous variable)? |
9. Were the
exposure measures (independent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? |
10. Was the
exposure(s) assessed more than once over time? |
11. Were the
outcome measures (dependent variables) clearly defined, valid, reliable, and implemented consistently across all study participants? |
12 Were the
outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status of participants? |
13. Was
loss to follow- up after baseline 20% or less? |
14. Were key
potential confounding variables measured and adjusted statistically for their impact on the relationship between exposure(s) and outcome(s)? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moran
et al. 2 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Emelianov
et al. 24 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Hessam
et al. 3 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Hotz et al. 4 | Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Thomi
et al. 7 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Jimenez-
Gallo et al. 8 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Banerjee
et al. 6 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Jimenez-
Gallo et al. 25 |
Y | Y | N/A | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Kanni et al. 5 | Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Kelly et al. 31 | Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Lima et al. 30 | Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Ten Oever
et al. 9 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Schlapbach
et al. 32 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Thomi
et al. 29 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Thomi
et al. 28 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Wolk et al. 27 | Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Van der Zee
et al. 26 |
Y | Y | N/A | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
| Kanni
et al. 33 |
Y | Y | N/A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NR | N/A | N |
Key: Y = Yes; N= No, NR= Not Reported N/A = Not Applicable