Table 2. Selected studies which support the absence of a link between testosterone replacement therapy and prostate cancer.

Authors	Year	Study format	Number on testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)	Conclusions
Loeb et al. 29	2017	Nested case-control	1,662	No overall increase in risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Early increase in the risk of favorable cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–1.56) and decrease in the risk of aggressive PCa (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.37–0.67).
Haider et al. 26	2015	Prospective cohort (multi-center)	1,023	Lower incidence of PCa in TRT-treated populations
Eisenberg et al. 33	2015	Retrospective observational	247	There was no change in cancer risk overall, or PCa risk specifically, for men older than 40 years using long-term TRT.
Feneley et al. 34	2012	Prospective cohort (single-center)	1,365	Incidence of PCa during long-term TRT was equivalent to that of the general population.
Calof et al. 25	2005	Meta-analysis	651	No statistically significant difference in PCa diagnoses among TRT users
Rhoden and Morgentaler 28	2003	Prospective cohort (single-center)	75	After 1 year of TRT, men with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) do not have a greater increase in prostate-specific antigen or a significantly increased risk of cancer than men without PIN.