Table 2.

Primary Outcomes at 12 Weeks^*

				Mean Between-Group Difference
Variable	Yoga	Physical Therapy	Education	Yoga vs. Physical Therapy	Yoga vs. Education	Physical Therapy vs. Education
Participants analyzed, n†	127	129	64	-	-	-
RMDQ score‡
Mean score (SD)	11.0 (4.9)	11.3 (5.1)	12.3 (5.0)	-	-	-
Mean change from baseline (95% CI)	−3.8 (−4.6 to −2.9)	−3.5 (−4.5 to −2.6)	−2.5 (−3.8 to −1.3)	−0.26 (−∞ to 0.83)	−1.3 (−2.8 to 0.25)	−1.0 (−2.6 to 0.79)
Back pain intensity score§
Mean score (SD)	5.3 (2.1)	5.0 (2.1)	5.6 (2.2)	-	-	-
Mean change from baseline (95% CI)	−1.7 (−2.1 to −1.4)	−2.3 (−2.7 to −1.9)	−1.4 (−2.0 to −0.9)	0.51 (−∞ to 0.97)	−0.33 (−0.97 to 0.32)	−0.84 (−1.5 to −0.18)

RMDQ = Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire.

^*Intention-to-treat analyses of the full study population used multiple imputation to account for missing data at 6 and/or 12 weeks.

^†Because multiple imputation was used for the primary analyses, the number of participants analyzed included the entire sample with baseline data.

^‡Scores range from 0 to 23, with higher scores reflecting poorer back-related function. Mean changes in RMDQ scores are based on models adjusted for baseline RMDQ only. Sex and body mass index were assessed for potential confounding using multiple regression models and were found not to substantively change the results.

Measured using an 11-point numerical rating scale for average pain intensity in the previous week, where 0 indicated no pain and 10 indicated worst pain possible.

^§Sex, body mass index, and baseline RMDQ were assessed for potential confounding of back pain intensity score and found not to substantively change the results. Results presented are therefore unadjusted.