Table 3.
Secondary Outcomes at 12 Weeks*
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Yoga | Physical Therapy |
Education | Yoga vs. Physical Therapy |
Yoga vs. Education |
Physical Therapy vs. Education |
| Clinically meaningful response | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 125 | 113 | 61 | – | – | – |
| ≥30% reduction in RMDQ, n (%) | 60 (48.0) | 42 (37.2) | 14 (23.0) | 1.6 (0.93 to 2.6) | 3.1 (1.6 to 6.2) | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.0) |
| ≥30% reduction in back pain, n (%) | 44 (35.2) | 48 (42.5) | 15 (24.6) | 0.74 (0.44 to 1.2) | 1.7 (0.84 to 3.3) | 2.3 (1.1 to 4.5) |
| Use of pain medication in previous week | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 124 | 110 | 61 | – | – | – |
| Any pain medication, n (%) | 68 (54.8) | 59 (53.6) | 46 (75.4) | 1.2 (0.66 to 2.1) | 0.36 (0.17 to 0.78) | 0.31 (0.14 to 0.67) |
| Acetaminophen, n (%) | 41 (33.1) | 24 (21.8) | 24 (39.3) | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.7) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.8) | 0.45 (0.21 to 0.97) |
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 41 (33.1) | 47 (42.7) | 29 (47.5) | 0.65 (0.36 to 1.2) | 0.56 (0.28 to 1.1) | 0.85 (0.42 to 1.7) |
| Opioids, n (%) | 28 (22.6) | 15 (13.6) | 11 (18.0) | 2.4 (0.95 to 5.8) | 1.5 (0.53 to 4.3) | 0.64 (0.21 to 1.9) |
| Self-rated global improvement§ | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 124 | 112 | 61 | – | – | – |
| Improved, n (%) | 42 (33.9) | 47 (42.0) | 13 (21.3) | 0.71 (0.42 to 1.2) | 1.9 (0.92 to 3.9) | 2.7 (1.3 to 5.5) |
| Satisfaction with intervention∥ | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 125 | 113 | 61 | – | – | – |
| Very satisfied, n (%) | 54 (43.2) | 56 (49.6) | 13 (21.3) | 0.77 (0.46 to 1.3) | 2.8 (1.4 to 5.7) | 3.6 (1.8 to 7.4) |
|
Between-Group Mean Difference (95% CI) |
||||||
| SF-36 physical health score¶ | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 125 | 112 | 61 | – | – | – |
| Mean score (SD) | 41.4 (8.6) | 40.1 (9.0) | 41.2 (9.0) | – | – | – |
| Mean change from baseline (95% CI) | 5.1 (3.7 to 6.5) | 5.0 (3.6 to 6.5) | 4.5 (3.0 to 6.0) | 0.11 (−1.9 to 2.1) | 0.62 (−1.6 to 2.9) | 0.51 (−1.8 to 2.8) |
| SF-36 mental health score¶ | ||||||
| Participants analyzed, n | 125 | 112 | 61 | – | – | – |
| Mean score (SD) | 47.1 (12.4) | 45.2 (11.7) | 44.2 (11.9) | – | – | – |
| Mean change from baseline (95% CI) | 3.3 (1.6 to 5.0) | 3.5 (1.6 to 5.5) | 1.8 (−0.90 to 4.5) | −0.19 (−2.8 to 2.4) | 1.5 (−1.7 to 4.7) | 1.7 (−1.6 to 5.0) |
NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; RMDQ = Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire; SF-36 = Short Form-36 Health Survey.
All secondary outcome analyses used the last observation carried forward (when available at 6 weeks) to account for missing data at 12 weeks. Number of participants analyzed includes those with week-6 or week-12 values. All secondary outcome analyses are unadjusted except for pain medication use, which was adjusted for baseline use. Adjustment for baseline RMDQ did not substantively change the results of clinically meaningful response rates.
Rated on a 0- to 6-point Likert scale, where 0 indicated extremely worsened, 3 indicated no change, and 6 indicated extremely improved. Participants who reported a 5 or 6 were considered improved.
Rated on a 5-point Likert scale from very dissatisfied to very satisfied.
Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life.