Table 1.
Locality information, abbreviations, and island‐specific demographics
| Region | Location | Refugia | Hypothesized island group | M. longicaudus | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | S | h | Hd | π | F ST (mean) | ◊ | ||||
| Alaskan Islands | Admiralty (ADM)* | no | Inner Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Baker (BKR)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Baranof (BNF) | no | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Chichagof (CGF)* | yes | Outer Northern | 5 | 6 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0023 | 0.2430 | ||
| Coronation (CRN)* | yes | Coronation | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0.5000 | 0.0018 | 0.3700 | ◊ | |
| Dall (DAL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 9 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0033 | 0.1470 | ◊ | |
| Etolin (ETN)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Forrester (FRS)* | yes | Forrester | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0.6670 | 0.0013 | 0.3960 | ◊ | |
| Gravina (GRV)* | no | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Heceta (HEC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Kosciusko (KSC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 8 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0030 | 0.2080 | ||
| Kuiu (KUI)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 18 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0067 | 0.1600 | ◊ | |
| Kupreanof (KRF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 6 | 3 | 0.8330 | 0.0028 | 0.1950 | ◊ | |
| Lulu (LUL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.1890 | ◊ | |
| Mary (MRY) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Mitkof (MIT)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Noyes (NYS)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.6670 | 0.0006 | 0.1510 | ◊ | |
| Orr (ORI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Prince of Wales (POW)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 6 | 13 | 6 | 1.0000 | 0.0056 | 0.1180 | ◊ | |
| Revillagigedio (REV)* | no | Inner Southern | 6 | 4 | 4 | 0.8000 | 0.0014 | 0.1730 | ◊ | |
| San Fernando (SNF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Suemez (SMZ)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 7 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0025 | 0.1360 | ◊ | |
| Sukkwan (SWN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Tuxekan (TXN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Warren (WRN) | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 6 | 1 | 2 | 0.3330 | 0.0003 | 0.2290 | ||
| Wrangell (WRG)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0018 | 0.3130 | ◊ | |
| Zarembo (ZRB)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 2 | 4 | 2 | 1.0000 | 0.0035 | 0.1980 | ◊ | |
| British Columbian Islands | Bischof (BSF) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Graham (GRM) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hotsprings (HTS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Moresby (MRB) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ramsay (RMS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Vancouver (VCR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mainland | British Columbia (BC) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mainland Southeast Alaska (MLSE) | no | – | 5 | 11 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0051 | 0.0735 | ||
| Northern mainalnd Southeast (NMLSE) | no | – | 7 | 14 | 7 | 1.0000 | 0.0053 | 0.0351 | ||
| Interior Alaska, Yukon and White Pass (North) | no | – | 3 | 9 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0058 | 0.0320 | ||
| Cleveland Peninsula (CP/MLCP)* | – | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Foggy Bay (FB/MLFB)* | – | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Glacier Bay (GB/MLGB)* | – | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Haines (HNS/MLHNS)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Interior Alaska (IAK/MLS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Juneau (JNO/MLJNO)* | – | Inner Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Klukwan (KLU/MLKLU) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Misty Fjords (MFD/MLMFD)* | – | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Southeast Central (SEC AK/MLSEC)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Southeast North (SEN AK/MLSEN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Southeast South (SES AK/MLSES) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Skagway (SKW/MLSKW) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Taiya River (TYR/MLTYR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| White Pass (WP/MLWP) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ Central (BCC)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ North (BCN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ South (BCS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Washington (WA) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Yukon Territory ‐ Central (YTC) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Yukon Territory ‐ South (YTS)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Region | Location | Refugia | Hypothesized island group | P. keeni | ||||||
| n | S | h | Hd | π | FST (mean) | ◊ | ||||
| Alaskan Islands | Admiralty (ADM)* | no | Inner Northern | 4 | 8 | 3 | 0.8330 | 0.0035 | 0.1200 | |
| Baker (BKR)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0029 | 0.1810 | ||
| Baranof (BNF) | no | Outer Northern | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0014 | 0.1140 | ◊ | |
| Chichagof (CGF)* | yes | Outer Northern | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1.0000 | 0.0046 | 0.1330 | ◊ | |
| Coronation (CRN)* | yes | Coronation | 3 | 8 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0047 | 0.1760 | ◊ | |
| Dall (DAL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 6 | 11 | 5 | 0.9330 | 0.0041 | 0.1540 | ◊ | |
| Etolin (ETN)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 4 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0017 | 0.1260 | ||
| Forrester (FRS)* | yes | Forrester | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0011 | 0.3580 | ◊ | |
| Gravina (GRV)* | no | Inner Southern | 5 | 2 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0007 | 0.2490 | ◊ | |
| Heceta (HEC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0011 | 0.3040 | ◊ | |
| Kosciusko (KSC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0.6670 | 0.0023 | 0.2990 | ◊ | |
| Kuiu (KUI)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0035 | 0.1390 | ◊ | |
| Kupreanof (KRF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0017 | 0.1010 | ||
| Lulu (LUL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0012 | 0.3050 | ◊ | |
| Mary (MRY) | no | – | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.4170 | ◊ | |
| Mitkof (MIT)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 12 | 4 | 1.0000 | 0.0054 | 0.1000 | ||
| Noyes (NYS)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 12 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0051 | 0.1650 | ◊ | |
| Orr (ORI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Prince of Wales (POW)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 6 | 19 | 6 | 1.0000 | 0.0070 | 0.0692 | ◊ | |
| Revillagigedio (REV)* | no | Inner Southern | 5 | 20 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0076 | 0.0935 | ◊ | |
| San Fernando (SNF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 12 | 3 | 0.8330 | 0.0053 | 0.2470 | ◊ | |
| Suemez (SMZ)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 9 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0053 | 0.3510 | ||
| Sukkwan (SWN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Tuxekan (TXN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Warren (WRN) | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2620 | ◊ | |
| Wrangell (WRG)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 6 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0035 | 0.1330 | ||
| Zarembo (ZRB)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 19 | 4 | 1.0000 | 0.0089 | 0.1310 | ◊ | |
| British Columbian Islands | Bischof (BSF) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Graham (GRM) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Hotsprings (HTS) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Moresby (MRB) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Ramsay (RMS) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Vancouver (VCR) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Mainland | British Columbia (BC) | no | – | 6 | 20 | 6 | 1.0000 | 0.0066 | 0.0652 | ◊ |
| Mainland Southeast Alaska (MLSE) | no | – | 20 | 25 | 14 | 0.9370 | 0.0044 | 0.0362 | – | |
| Northern mainalnd Southeast (NMLSE) | no | – | 18 | 24 | 11 | 0.8820 | 0.0052 | 0.0505 | – | |
| Interior Alaska, Yukon and White Pass (North) | no | – | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.0000 | 0.0018 | 0.0390 | – | |
| Cleveland Peninsula (CP/MLCP)* | no | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Foggy Bay (FB/MLFB)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Glacier Bay (GB/MLGB)* | no | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Haines (HNS/MLHNS)* | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Interior Alaska (IAK/MLS) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Juneau (JNO/MLJNO)* | no | Inner Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Klukwan (KLU/MLKLU) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Misty Fjords (MFD/MLMFD)* | no | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Southeast Central (SEC AK/MLSEC)* | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Southeast North (SEN AK/MLSEN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Southeast South (SES AK/MLSES) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Skagway (SKW/MLSKW) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Taiya River (TYR/MLTYR) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| White Pass (WP/MLWP) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| British Columbia ‐ Central (BCC)* | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| British Columbia ‐ North (BCN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| British Columbia ‐ South (BCS) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Washington (WA) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Yukon Territory ‐ Central (YTC) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Yukon Territory ‐ South (YTS)* | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Region | Location | Refugia | Hypothesized island group | S. monticola | ||||||
| n | S | h | Hd | π | FST (mean) | ◊ | ||||
| Alaskan Islands | Admiralty (ADM)* | no | Inner Northern | 4 | 3 | 4 | 1.0000 | 0.0013 | 0.1200 | |
| Baker (BKR)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.5470 | ||
| Baranof (BNF) | no | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Chichagof (CGF)* | yes | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Coronation (CRN)* | yes | Coronation | 2 | 6 | 2 | 1.0000 | 0.0055 | 0.3450 | ◊ | |
| Dall (DAL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0.4000 | 0.0007 | 0.1680 | ||
| Etolin (ETN)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1.0000 | 0.0027 | 0.0273 | ◊ | |
| Forrester (FRS)* | yes | Forrester | 5 | 3 | 3 | 0.7000 | 0.0013 | 0.3260 | ◊ | |
| Gravina (GRV)* | no | Inner Southern | 5 | 5 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0019 | 0.1110 | ||
| Heceta (HEC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 4 | 3 | 0.8330 | 0.0018 | 0.3600 | ◊ | |
| Kosciusko (KSC)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0018 | 0.1670 | ||
| Kuiu (KUI)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0023 | 0.0450 | ||
| Kupreanof (KRF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0.4000 | 0.0011 | 0.0982 | ||
| Lulu (LUL)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0023 | 0.5150 | ||
| Mary (MRY) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Mitkof (MIT)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0.6670 | 0.0006 | 0.0134 | ||
| Noyes (NYS)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 8 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0028 | 0.3370 | ◊ | |
| Orr (ORI) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Prince of Wales (POW)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 6 | 11 | 6 | 1.0000 | 0.0035 | 0.1150 | ||
| Revillagigedio (REV)* | no | Inner Southern | 5 | 10 | 5 | 1.0000 | 0.0040 | 0.0243 | ◊ | |
| San Fernando (SNF)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1.0000 | 0.0009 | 0.5090 | ◊ | |
| Suemez (SMZ)* | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0.6670 | 0.0018 | 0.3070 | ||
| Sukkwan (SWN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Tuxekan (TXN) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Warren (WRN) | yes | Middle and Outer Southern | 5 | 3 | 4 | 0.9000 | 0.0011 | 0.4480 | ||
| Wrangell (WRG)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Zarembo (ZRB)* | no | Middle and Outer Southern | 4 | 6 | 3 | 0.8330 | 0.0027 | 0.2320 | ||
| British Columbian Islands | Bischof (BSF) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Graham (GRM) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Hotsprings (HTS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Moresby (MRB) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Ramsay (RMS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Vancouver (VCR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Mainland | British Columbia (BC) | no | – | 2 | 8 | 2 | 1.0000 | 0.0073 | 0.0000 | ◊ |
| Mainland Southeast Alaska (MLSE) | no | – | 26 | 12 | 9 | 0.6650 | 0.0014 | 0.0000 | ||
| Northern mainalnd Southeast (NMLSE) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Interior Alaska, Yukon and White Pass (North) | no | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Cleveland Peninsula (CP/MLCP)* | – | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Foggy Bay (FB/MLFB)* | – | Middle and Outer Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Glacier Bay (GB/MLGB)* | – | Outer Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Haines (HNS/MLHNS)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Interior Alaska (IAK/MLS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Juneau (JNO/MLJNO)* | – | Inner Northern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Klukwan (KLU/MLKLU) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Misty Fjords (MFD/MLMFD)* | – | Inner Southern | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Southeast Central (SEC AK/MLSEC)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Southeast North (SEN AK/MLSEN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Southeast South (SES AK/MLSES) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Skagway (SKW/MLSKW) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Taiya River (TYR/MLTYR) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| White Pass (WP/MLWP) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ Central (BCC)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ North (BCN) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| British Columbia ‐ South (BCS) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Washington (WA) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Yukon Territory ‐ Central (YTC) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
| Yukon Territory ‐ South (YTS)* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ◊ | |
Refugia = potential refugial islands and hypothesized island groups = island and adjacent mainland populations based on paleoshoreline reconstruction and LGM glacial cover = not included in the analyses that require the given information. Localities included in the Shimodaira‐Hasegawa tests are indicated with asterisk. n = haploid sample size; S = variable sites; h = # haplotypes; Hd = haplotype diversity; π = nucleotide diversity; mean multilocus F ST; ◊ = distinctive cyt b lineages.