Table 7.

Contributions of modified filamentous to detect and detoxify the contaminants in environment

Filamentous phage	Modification in filamentous phage	Integrating component and working principle	Target biomaterial/potential target	Sensitivity/specificity	References
Phages in theories of environmental sensing and remediation: As an agent to detect and sequester the contaminants
Affinity selected M13 clones	Expression of TNT/TNB‐specific peptide on pIII, minor coat protein; Cy5 dye covalently linked to free amino groups on phage surface	Phage‐based immunofluorescence:Modified phage integrated into continuous flow immuno sensor platform detects TNT in environmental samples; fluorescence intensity is taken as a measure of TNT bound to phages	2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TNB) derivatives	ELISA‐based detection of 10 ng/ml TNT in environmentally relevant, nonphysiological medium, artificial seawater	Goldman et al. (2002)
M13 selected from random heptapeptide library	Expression of KPLLMGS, QPKGPKQ and TPTTYKV peptide on pIII	Mineral Processing:Modified phages with KPLLMGS and QPKGPKQ bound specifically to sphalerite and those with TPTTYKV showed specificity to both sphalerite and chalcopyrite;	Sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in environmental sample	Mineral detection within 1 h of treatment at room temperature	Curtis et al. (2009)
VP12 and VP14 selected from P8/8 library	Expression of DSQKTNPS (VP12) and DGQKASNS (VP14) at pVIII	Mineral aggregation:Phage with charged and polar residues on the surface induce aggregation and removal of physical contaminants (via salt bridges) from oil sand tailings in a wide range of pH and ionic strength.	Sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2)	5 × 1011–5 × 1012phages/ml induced aggregation of fine clay (<45 μm); 1,012 phage/ml settled ~99% of the mineral ore in 10 s;	Curtis et al. (2011), Curtis et al. (2013)
ScFv phage display library of M13	Phage expressed single chain antibodies (fused heavy and light chain variable domains) on pIII	Recombinant antibody labeled phage: Phage with TNT specific fluorescence labeled antibodies detects TNT in environment	TNT and derivatives	Detects TNT in ultralow level (1 ng/ml) in aqueous solution	Goldman et al. (2003)
M13 from ScFv phage display library	Phage expressed single chain antibodies on the coat proteins are selected	Noncompetitive Immunoassay for Small molecules:phage expressing fluorescence labeled recombinant antibodies detects morphine in environment by measuring FRET signal	Small analytes like morphine	Detects ultralow levels (5 ng/ml) of morphine within 2 min even in the presence of structurally similar analytes	Pulli, Höyhtyä, Söderlund, and Takkinen (2005)
1G40	Phage expressed reporter gene ( β‐galactosidase) at pVIII	Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensors: Phage immobilized on the gold surface of SPR biosensor chip detects the substrate based on the activity of reporter enzyme.	Substrate for the reporter gene (e.g., β‐galactose for β‐galactosidase)	Detects contaminant even at 10−7M	Nanduri, Bhunia, Tu, Paoli, and Brewster (2007 )
Modified M13mp18	A short random 20 bp DNA sequence is inserted at SinI site of the phage genome	Bacteriophage biotracing: Modified phage used for tracing the pollution source in environmental condition; analyses is based on plaque assay and identification of unique sequence	Modified bacteriophage	Detects even 1pfu/ml in presence of wild type (M13) and other closely related phages (F1, Fd); simultaneous tracing of a number of pollution sources is feasible	Daniell, Davy, and Smith (2000)