Table 3.
Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity on Midlife Generativity: Cross-Tabulations
| Generativity | χ 2 | N | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not achieved | Achieved | |||
| Harsh parenting | ||||
| Warm, nurturing relationships | 40 (51.3%) | 38 (48.7%) | ||
| Average to warm relationships | 62 (56.4%) | 48 (43.6%) | ||
| Average relationships | 122 (58.1%) | 88 (41.9%) | 17.42* | 636 |
| Average to harsh relationships | 103 (73.0%) | 38 (27.0%) | ||
| Harsh relationship | 69 (71.1%) | 28 (28.9%) | ||
| Childhood social class | ||||
| Upper class | 36 (44.4%) | 45 (55.6%) | ||
| Upper middle class | 52 (55.3%) | 42 (44.7%) | ||
| Middle class | 34 (59.6%) | 23 (40.4%) | 27.79** | 635 |
| Lower middle class | 27 (54.0%) | 23 (46.0%) | ||
| Lower class | 163 (69.4%) | 72 (30.6%) | ||
| Lower lower class | 83 (70.3%) | 35 (29.7%) | ||
Note. *p < .05. **p < .01.