. 2018 Jun 4;49(4):617–627. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718001307

Table 2.

Distribution of biomarkers across identified classes in the sample of subjects with current psychopathology

Hypothesis	Variable (Abbreviation, unit)	Lean (N = 311)	Average (N = 910)	Overweight (N = 239)	p*
Neuroplasticity	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, ng/ml)	8.66 (3.13)	9.28 (3.66)	9.19 (3.67)	0.033
Neuroplasticity	Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1, nmol/l)	25.1 (8.7)	26.88 (8.42)	23.15 (7.87)	0.000^a^,^b
Mineral balance	Vitamin D (nmol/l)	62.84 (33.92)	63.14 (27.52)	47.02 (23.25)	0.000^a^,^c
Mineral balance	Parathyroid hormone (PTH, pmol/l)	5.25 (2.22)	5.60 (2.24)	7.16 (3.18)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
Inflammation	C-reactive protein (hsCRP, mg/l)	1.58 (2.82)	2.68 (4.9)	6.65 (7.82)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Interleukin 6 (IL-6, pg/ml)	1.05 (1.18)	2.00 (23.44)	1.81 (3.67)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, pg/ml)	0.87 (0.94)	1.13 (1.54)	1.25 (1.32)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Tryptophan (μmol/l)	58.75 (11.54)	65.57 (13.17)	65.58 (15.51)	0.000,^a^,^c
	Kynurenine (μmol/l)	1.84 (0.53)	2.32 (0.59)	2.48 (0.84)	0.000,^a^,^c
	3-hydroxykynurenine (nmol/l)	24.18 (11.42)	32.06 (13.08)	37.81 (19.79)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
Stress response	Area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg, μg/dl/h)	19.98 (7.18)	19.34 (7.35)	17.48 (6.41)	0.012^a^,^c
	Area under the curve with respect to the increase (AUCi, μg/dl/h)	3.30 (5.92)	2.43 (6.68)	1.61 (5.38)	0.047
	Evening cortisol (nmol/l)	5.92 (3.76)	5.29 (3.23)	5.36 (2.63)	0.017^a
	Dexamethasone (DST) cortisol-suppression	0.38 (0.17)	0.39 (0.24)	0.31 (0.25)	0.001^a^,^c
Heart rate variability	Mean root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)	47.53 (39.11)	41.60 (31.63)	31.91 (28.69)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Difference from baseline to computer task	8.93 (18.94)	4.80 (23.4)	0.65 (22.5)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Difference from resting baseline to interview	6.65 (14.13)	3.59 (17.5)	0.40 (16.7)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
Hematology	Hemoglobin (Hob, nmol/l)	8.50 (0.80)	8.72 (0.78)	8.76 (0.89)	0.000^a^,^c
	Hematocrit (HT, L/L)	0.40 (0.04)	0.41 (0.03)	0.42 (0.04)	0.000^a^,^c
	Erythrocytes (×10^^12/l)	4.48 (0.42)	4.65 (0.4)	4.75 (0.43)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
Steroid hormones	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, nmol/ml)	25.50 (16.21)	22.49 (16.15)	19.08 (16.04)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S, μmol/l)	6.55 (3.61)	6.25 (3.65)	5.39 (3.66)	0.000^a^,^c
	Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG, nmol/l)	85.38 (66.9)	60.69 (51.65)	45.29 (39.04)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Estradiol (E2, nmol/l)	0.49 (5.37)	0.26 (2.69)	0.17 (0.18)	0.088
	Testosterone (nmol/l)	10.52 (11.3)	8.54 (8.62)	7.24 (7.54)	0.001^a^,^b
Kidney function	Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.73 (0.14)	0.76 (0.15)	0.76 (0.26)	0.007^a
Liver function	Gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT, U/L)	22.19 (27.56)	22.66 (17.67)	43.67 (39.75)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Alanine aminotransaminase (ALAT, U/L)	19.29 (11.74)	22.91 (16.43)	34.95 (28.54)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT, U/L)	23.83 (9.86)	25.45 (10.61)	29.69 (13.73)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
Metabolic markers	Waist circumference (cm)	77.85 (9.30)	88.88 (10.65)	108.43 (14.06)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Body Mass Index	21.45 (2.77)	25.33 (3.55)	33.13 (5.81)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Glucose (mmol/l)	5.01 (1.15)	5.16 (0.77)	5.74 (1.58)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Low-density lipoproteins (LDL, mmol/l)	2.73 (0.91)	3.22 (0.98)	3.40 (0.99)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	High-density lipoproteins (HDL, mmol/l)	1.85 (0.50)	1.59 (0.39)	1.38 (0.40)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Triglycerides (mmol/l)	0.97 (0.51)	1.29 (0.81)	1.96 (1.12)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Blood pressure, systolic (Bp, mm Hg)	130.41 (17.5)	136.37 (20.01)	144.04 (17.58)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Blood pressure, diastolic (Bp, mm Hg)	78.45 (9.74)	82.11 (11.29)	88.48 (10.62)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI)	1.14 (0.15)	1.14 (0.16)	1.15 (0.16)	0.345
	Leptin (μg/l)	7.26 (6.60)	14.94 (10.49)	31.06 (18.28)	0.000^a^,^b^,^c
	Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, mU/l)	2.59 (3.57)	2.49 (1.51)	2.80 (3.23)	0.245
	Thyroxine (T4, pmol/l)	15.69 (2.94)	15.44 (2.44)	15.04 (2.78)	0.008^a,c
Amylase	Amylase (IU/l)	289 496.10 (259 769.97)	294 556.09 (325 513.49)	319 290.70 (253 538.20)	0.290

*Based on ANOVA for continuous variables (post-hoc = Tukey) and Kruskal–Wallis tests for non-normally distributed variables (post-hoc = Dunn test).

Significant differences by class (at α < 0.05 corrected using the False Discovery Rate controlling method):

‘lean’ v. ‘overweight’ class.

‘average’ v. ‘overweight’ class.

‘lean’ v. ‘average’ class.